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Blood
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20
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/07/2009
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Term
Systolic Pressure
 Definition
Peak of the force caused by the contraction of the heart forcing blood into the arteries
Term
Diastolic Pressure
 Definition
Lowest amount of pressure when the heart is filling with blood
Term
Normal Blood Volume
 Definition
4 to 6 Liters
Term
Normal Hemoglobin Levels
 Definition
Men (13-18g/dL) Women (12-16g/dL)
Term
Normal Leukocyte Count
 Definition
5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/mcL
Term
Normal Erythrocyte Count
 Definition
Men (4.6-6.2mil RBCs/mcL) Women (4.2-5.4mil RBCs/mcL)
Term
Normal Hematocrit Level
 Definition
Men (42-52%) Women (37-48%)
Term
Normal Blood Pressure
 Definition
90/60 to 120/80 mmHg
Term
Normal Pulse Rate
 Definition
60 to 100bpm
Term
Common Sites for Checking Pulse Rate
 Definition
Femoral artery, carotid artery, brachial artery, popliteal artery, dorsalis artery, radial artery, and temporal artery
Term
Hypotension
 Definition

Blood pressure below 90/60

 

May cause diziness, weakness, fainting, or shock if there is not adequate pressure to pump blood to the brain
Term
Hypertension
 Definition

Blood pressure greater than 140/90

 

Puts stress on walls of arteries and causes heart to work harder

 

May lead to growth of tissue on arterial wall and enlargment of the heart

 

Other problems are stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney failure

 

Can be treated by losing weight, exercising regularly, reducing intake of sugar and sodium, reducing stress, limiting alcohol and tobacco
Term
Functions of Circulatory System
 Definition
o    Protection
    Fight infection
    Neutralize toxins
    Inflammation to stop infection spread
    Blood loss by clotting
o    Regulation
    Temperature – Vasoconstriction keeps heat in blood; Vasodilation lets heat escape through skin
    pH – Blood plasma acts as a buffer
    Fluid Balance
o    Transportation
    Carries nutrients extracted from food (amino acids, lipids, minerals, vitamins, glucose) to tissues
    Carries hormones to tissues
    Carries wastes to kidneys, lungs, liver, or skin
    O2 from lungs to tissues
    CO2  from tissues to lungs
    Carries cells to tissues (WBCs, Stem Cells, Others)
    Carries heat to warm tissues
Term
Process of Erythropoiesis
 Definition
o    Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) have capacity to become any blood cell
o    Erythropoietin, from the liver/kidneys, causes PPSCs to form erythroblasts
o    Erythroblasts have all organelles
    Must produce hemoglobin
    Must divide to make more cells
    Requires iron and amino acids for protein synthesis (iron is for hemoglobin)
    Requires folic acid and B12 for cell division
o    When an erythroblast has completed its purpose it loses its nucleus; becomes reticulocyte; reticulocyte leaves bone marrow and enters blood
o    The reticulocyte becomes a mature erythrocyte; loses ribosomes and most other organelles
Term
Three Causes of Jaundice
 Definition
    Excessive erythrocyte breakdown (hemolytic jaundice)
    Liver dysfunction caused by disease or damage (hepatic jaundice)
    A blockage of the bile ducts (obstructive jaundice)
Term
Three Causes of Polycythemia
 Definition
    Cancer (polycythemia vera)
    Dehydration – Low blood volume means more erythrocytes per µL
    Chronic hypoxemia – living at high altitudes, smoking, disease
Term
Types/Causes of Anemia
 Definition
    Hemorrhagic anemia – caused by excessive bleeding; less blood = less O2
    Hemolytic anemia – erythrocytes being destroyed due to infection, poison, drugs, or immune response
    Aplastic anemia – due to fewer erythrocytes being made because of chemotherapy or erythropoietin deficiency
    Hypochromic anemia – caused by insufficient hemoglobin in erythrocytes
    Nutritional deficiency – anemia caused by a lack of the nutrients Fe, folic acid, and/or B12
    Sickle cell disease – hemoglobin chains together and becomes sticky; deforms cell and becomes unsuitable to carry O2
Term
Leukopenia Causes
 Definition
o    Caused by
    Heavy metal poisoning
    Chemotherapy
    Diseases/infections
•    Chicken pox
•    Mumps
•    Poliomyelitis
•    Flu
•    Typhoid fever
•    AIDS
    Radiation sickness
Term
Leukocytosis Causes
 Definition
o    Caused by
    Cancer (leukemia)
    Usually raised by infection
    Allergic response
    Dehydration
Term
Formation of a Blood Clot
 Definition
o    Damaged blood vessel activates series of reactions that produce thrombin
o    Thrombin cuts fibrinogen into fibrin
o    Fibrin links to form sticky network that catches platelets, cells, etc
o    Platelet derived growth factor promotes cell division & tissue healing
o    Afterwards clot is broken down by series of reactions
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