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what is blood general def |
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Definition
a fluid medium; specialized form of connective tissue, contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix |
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transport dissolved substances
regulation of pH and ions
restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
defense against toxins & pathogens
stabilize body temp |
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fluid that has:
water
dissolved plasma proteins
solutes |
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does blood have more plasma or formed elements? |
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main component of plasma? |
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main component of formed elements |
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3 types of formed elements are |
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RBC: transp O2
WBC: immune sys
platelets: clotiing |
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is an antibody a formed element? |
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producing formed elements |
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cells involved in hemopoieseis? |
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myeloid & lymphoid stem cells |
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seperating whole blood for clinical analysis
into plasma & formed elements |
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fractionation is done from artery or vein |
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testing artery blood can be done |
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to look at gas exchange efficency |
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general characteristics of blood |
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38 C temp (hot) high viscosity (slick like oil)( 4x higher than water)
slightly alkaline (basic) 7.35 |
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blood volume in liters is what % of body weight? |
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7%
males have slightly more |
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name 3 plasma proteins and % |
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albumins (60%)
globulins (35%)
fbrinogens (4%) |
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tranport: fatty acids
thyroid hormones
steroid hormones |
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antibodies (immunolglobulins)
transport: globulins
horomone-binding proteins
metalloproteins
lipoproteins
(sounds like goblin=scary=antibodies) |
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produce molecules that form clots & long stands of long & insoluble strands of fibrin |
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liquid part of blood sample
that has solid fibrin |
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name the peptide proteins that normally circulate in blood |
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Definition
insulin
prolactin
glycoproteins: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LSH)
(In Plasma There are Five Losers) |
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more than 90% of plasma proteins are made in the |
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the red pigment that gives whole blood its color
binds & transports O2 & CO2 |
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# of RBCs in 1 microliter of blood |
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average value of RBC count |
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4-6 million
males have more |
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% of RBCs in centrifuged blood |
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thin in middle
thick at edge |
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RBC 3 important effects of shape & function |
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1. high surface to volume ratio (quickly absorbs & releases oxygen)
2. can form stacks to go through narrow vessels
3. discs can bend to go into capillaries |
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Do RBC have nuclei mito ribosomes |
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no =no repair & anaeorbic respiration
(as they develope they destroy their organelles to hold max hemogloblin) |
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12-18 g/dL
males have high |
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quatenary (4 subunits) protein
each subunit has:
heme ring in which Hg enclose an atom of Fe |
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Hemogloblin easily binds and dissociates from oxygen , why? |
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Definition
can give O2 to tissues etc?
oxyhemogloblin - deoxyhemogloblin |
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fetal hemoglobin is used for |
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What occurs when oxygen is low in peripheral capillaries? |
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Hemoglobin releases 02 binds CO2 and brings it to lungs |
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a gene for adult hemogloblin is abnormal.
mutation in the AA sequence on the beta chains of the hemogloblin molecule. |
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help keep adequeate # RBC in circulation (sickle cell anemia) |
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who monitors RBCs and engulf RBC before they self rupture |
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macs of liver, spleen, bone marrow |
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hemogloblin breaks into what components |
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Definition
heme to biliverdin globular proteins to AA iron |
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biliverdin
(green) associated with bruises |
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who filters blood or tell you whats going on |
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Definition
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whole blood cells in urine due to kidney/ tissue damage |
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hemoglobulin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream |
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biliverdin is broken down to |
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bilirubin is excreted by ____ in the form of ____ |
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bilirybin is converted to ___ &____ by intestinal bac |
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urobilins (makes urine yellow) stercobilins (makes feces brown) |
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name the transport protein that aids with removal of iron from heme grp |
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the Fe from heme is given to __+___ for storage |
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store excess iron in liver and spleen |
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ferritin
hemosiderin
fall into what grp of proteins? |
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erythropoiesis only occurs where? |
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Definition
in myeloid tissue of red bone marrow |
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stem cells in myeloid tissue |
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divide to produce: myeloid stem cells (RBC, some WBC)
lymphoid stem cells |
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high reticulocyte count means? |
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hemorrhaging b/c these RBCs are not mature |
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hemorcit or hemoglobin content in RBCs is low, there will be problems with 02 delivery to peripheral tissues. |
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building of RBCs requires: |
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Definition
amino acids
iron
vit B12, B6, folic acid (BEEF) |
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stomach stapling can lead to |
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low b12= pernicious anemia |
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erthropoietin EPO also called |
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erthropoiesis stimulating hormone |
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EPO is secreted by what organs ,in reponse to |
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Definition
liver, kidney, low O2 in tissues |
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if you are in high altitiude you would secrete more |
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Definition
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EPO can also be secreted in response to? |
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Definition
anemia
blood flow to kidney declines
low O2
resp. surfaces of lungs are damaged |
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agglutinogens ( carry out agglutination) |
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antibodies are aka (think about tranfusion rxn) |
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Definition
agglutinins (cause agglutination to occur) |
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tranfusion rxn: surface antigens (a)
react with opposing antibodies (b)
agglutination (clumping)
hemolysis |
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connective tissue proper
lymphatic system
small no. in blood |
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4 characterisitcs of circulating WBC |
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Definition
migrate out of bloodstream amboeoid movement
attract to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis)
phagocytic |
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which aWBS are phagocytes |
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Definition
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes |
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detection changes in WBC count |
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abnormally low WBC ct
could be due bone marrow disorder (autoimmune) |
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EXTREMELY high WBC ct (cancer) |
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myeloid & lymphoid stem cells
which all come from hemocytoblasts |
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myeloid stem cells produce ___ except ____ |
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Definition
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all WBCs develop in ___ except _____ which develope in ____ |
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Definition
bone marrow, monocytes, tissues |
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how is blood cell production regulated? |
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Definition
colony stimulating factors |
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colony stimulating factors def |
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hormones that regulate blood cell populations. |
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Name 3 stages of Blood Clotting in order |
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Definition
1.Vascular 2. Platelet formation 3. Coagulation Phase
note: all them occur within seconds of each other |
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Give events in Vascular Phase |
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Definition
Main Goal: To seal off blood flow
1.endothelial cells expose basement membrane
2. Endothelial cells release: ADP prostacyclin tissue factors
3. enothelial p.m. becomes sticky= blood flow is sealed off |
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Give events that occur in Platelet Formation |
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Definition
Main goal: addhesion & aggregiation of platelets
addhesion: done b y activated platelets that release clotting compounds
platelets attatch to exposed collagen of basement membrane
aggregigation: platelet plug formed |
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The Coagulation Phase consists of what 3 pathways |
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Definition
Intrinsinc Extrinisic
Common (where Int. & Ext meet) |
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Coagulation Phase: Intrinsic Pathway events |
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Definition
IN bloodstream
proenzymes
factor 12 to collagen
platelet release factors (PF3)
Factor X activated |
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Coagulation Phase: Extrinsic Pathway Give events |
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Definition
OUT of bloodstream
endothelium factor 3
tissue factors form a complex
Factor X activated |
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Coagulation Phase: Common Pathway events |
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Definition
Factor X causes:
prothrombinASE to be activated = prothrombin
prothrombin causes:
fibrinoGEN to fibin |
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Factor 12 is involved in which Coagulation Pathway? |
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Definition
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Factor 3 is involved in which Coagulation Pathway? |
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Definition
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Factor X is activated in which pathways |
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Definition
instrinsic & Extrinsic
rememeber factor x is used in commmon pathway to make thrombin and fibrin |
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types of clotting compounds that are relaeased by activated platelets are |
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Definition
ADP
thromboxane A2
serotonin
clotting factord
PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
CA2+ IONS |
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Term
Factors that Limit growth of platelet plug |
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Definition
prostacyclin/other inh proteins released by WBCs
circualting enzymes breakdown ADP
Negative (inh) feedback from serotonin
developement of blood clot isolates area |
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inh platelet aggregiagation |
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proteins/ions required for clotting |
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clotting factors are synthesized in |
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Feedback Control of Clotting: What happens when blood is clotted? |
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Stimulates formation of tissue factors that stimualte PF3 to be released
= forms a positive feedback loop = clotting SPEEDS UP |
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Name 5 compounds that PREVENT clotting |
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Definition
Anticoagulants
antithrombin III
heparin
protein c
prostacylcin |
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Essentials for blood clotting that can come from diet? |
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Definition
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Clot retraction occurs wehn |
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Definition
Once fibrin network has formed platelets & RBCs stick to fibrin strands then platelts contract
then entire clot retracts |
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slow process of dissolving clot |
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what occurs in fibrinolysis |
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Definition
thrombin & tissue plasminogen acitvator (p-PA) activate plasminogen |
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Definition
produces plasmin
digests fibrin strands=
clots dissolved |
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low levels of vit K will resolve in |
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Definition
low: prothrombin
factor x
thromboplastin
prolonged BLEEDING |
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M-CSF
G-CSF
GM-CSF
Multi-CSF
colony stimulating factors |
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neupogen
produces: Granulocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
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everything:
rbc platelets monocytes granulocytes |
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cell fragements involved in clotting |
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platelts are removed and reserved for emoergencies in the |
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release clotting factors patch + reduce size of breaks in vessel walls |
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platelet production called, occurs in |
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Definition
thrombocytosis, bone marrow |
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who manufacters platelets |
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Definition
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giant cells in bone marrow make platets |
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3 hormones that contribute to platelet production |
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Definition
thrombopoietin interleukin 6 (IL-6) Multi-CSF |
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