Term
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Definition
outermost layer of blood vessel
has collagen fibers for protection and anchoring |
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Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
changes diameter of blood vessels
thicker in arteries than veins |
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Term
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Definition
innermost layer
simple squamous (endothelium)
fits together like tiles to minimize blood friction |
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Term
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Definition
central space in vessel
larger in vein than artery |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic, muscular, arterioles, and capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
thick walled arteries near heart
elastic with large diameter
expand and recoil to maintain pressure during systole |
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Term
|
Definition
diameter 10mm-.3mm
follows elastic arteries as leave heart
smaller than in rest of the body
not stretchy, has muscle in tunica media |
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Term
|
Definition
smaller .3mm-10micrometers
control blood flow to tissue
(blushing) |
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Term
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Definition
microscopic
only has the tunica intima
RBC's pass single file through this
continuous, sinusoidal, and fenestrated capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
skin and muscles
most common
small gaps that allow fluid to leak through
uninterrupted lining of endothelial cells |
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Term
|
Definition
walls have pores
pores have very thin membrane
allows greater permeability of fluid/small molecules
found in areas of absorption (intestines) |
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Term
|
Definition
very leaky
found in liver, bone marrow, lymph, and endocrine glands
have large holes for leakage
broken by large cells
slow blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
like arterioles with unoxygenated blood
very porous to permit movement of WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| contain back flow valves and are wider than arteries |
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Term
| sources of resistance to blood flow |
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Definition
| blood viscosity, blood vessel length, diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| thicker the blood, greater the resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
longer the length greater the resistance
length greatest at exit of heart |
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Term
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Definition
fluid at walls encounters most resistance
smaller vessels have more resistance because of contact with the sides (capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
depends on how much arteries can be stretched
volume of blood being forced through it |
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Term
| blood pressure during diastole |
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Definition
semilunar valves close to prevent backflow
elastic arteries recoil to maintain pressure on blood
volume of blood lessens |
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Term
| artery Blood pressure values |
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Definition
systolic aorta 120mm Hg
minimum aorta 70-80 mm Hg
arterioles 60 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg
capillaries drops to 20 mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
constant pressure about 20 mm Hg
inhaling squeezes abdominal vessels and forces blood to heart while thoracic cavity drops in pressure pulling blood up
skeletal muscles contract to milk blood to heart
valves prevent backflow |
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Term
| ways to vary blood pressure |
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Definition
cardiac output
peripheral resistance (diameter)
blood volume |
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Term
| neural control of peripheral resistance |
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Definition
alter blood distribution among organs
alter vessel diameter |
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Term
| control centers for peripheral resistance |
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Definition
vasomotor center
baroreceptor
chemoreceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
located in medulla
controls diameter of BV
transmits AP's to smooth muscles of arterioles
muscles are always in light state of constriction |
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Term
|
Definition
pressure receptor in internal carotid, aorta, and elastic arteries
increased pressure sends message to vasomotor center
protects against rapid changes in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
when O2, CO2 rise and pH decreases
chemoreceptor in aortic arch sends AP to vasomotor center to cause vasoconstriction
sends more blood to heart and lungs |
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Term
| chemical modification of peripheral resistance |
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Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone
nitric oxide
alcohol |
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Term
| epinephrine/norepinephrine |
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Definition
secreted by adrenal medulla (flight/fight response)
increases cardiac output
vasoconstriction in arterioles
vasodilation in large veins, cardiac, and skeletal muscle
overall increase in BP |
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Term
|
Definition
causes vasoconstriction in arterioles
increases BP |
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Term
|
Definition
stimulates kidneys to conserve water
increases blood volume
causes vasoconstriction in arterioles |
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Term
|
Definition
vasodilation
short lived
response to high blood flow rate |
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Term
|
Definition
drop in BP
inhibits antidiuretic hormone release
depresses vasomotor center
causes vasodilation |
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Term
| lymphatic system function |
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Definition
house phagocytic cells and lymphnodes
defense and disease resistance
collect excess water and proteins from extracellular fluid
transports fats from GI to blood
cleanses blood of trash blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils |
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Term
|
Definition
random system of small thin walled vessels
drains excess intercellular fluid, returns to circulatory |
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Term
|
Definition
bean shaped organs along vessels 1-25mm in diameter
full of phagocytic cells
concentrated in armpit, neck, groin, intestine
contains T cells, B cells, and macrophages
unidirectional flow permits filtration |
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Term
|
Definition
fist sized,purple, below diaphragm on left side
phagocytizes RBC, WBC, microbes, toxins, and debris
removes and stores iron from hemoglobin for recycling
produces RBC in fetus
stores RBC, platelets, and monocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
two lobes in thoracic cavity
two layers, cortex and medulla
reaches max size 10-12 years old (shrinks after) |
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Term
|
Definition
four sets
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal
capture pathogens and phagocytize foreign substances |
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Term
|
Definition
nonspecific disease resistance
and immunity |
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Term
| nonspecific disease resistance |
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Definition
skin an mucous membranes
antimicrobial substances |
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Term
| skin and mucous membrane (mechanical) |
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Definition
nonspecific disease resistance
first line of mechanical defense
epidermis, mucus membranes, lacrymal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions |
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Term
| skin and mucous membrane (chemical) |
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Definition
| sebaceous glands, perspiration, gastric juice |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical barrier that continuously sheds to remove bacteria and fungi |
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Term
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Definition
lines body cavity with mucus to trap microbes and foreign particles
ciliated cells trap particles and sweep toward surface |
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Term
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Definition
| lubricates eyes, and prevents microbes from establishing residence on the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| oil contains unsaturated fatty acids that retard bacterial growth |
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Term
|
Definition
flushes bacteria from skin
contains lysozyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls
found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.2-3.0 pH is acidic and destroys bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| interferons, complement system, natural killer cells, phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
produced by cells infected with virus
produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
stimulates uninfected cells to make antiviral proteins to interfere with viral replication |
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Term
|
Definition
20 proteins that are normally inactive
enhances immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions when activated |
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Term
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Definition
lymphocytes that destroy intruding microbes and some tumor cells
found in spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow and blood
needs direct contact to make bacteria leaky |
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Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils, macrophages (develop from monocytes) |
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Term
| mechanism of phagocytosis |
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Definition
chemotaxis for phagocyte to location (bacteria or damaged cell)
adheres, ingests (endocytosis), digests (lysosome with H2O2) |
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Term
|
Definition
ability to defend against specific invaders
has memory for antigens encountered
uses T and B cells that develop distinctive peripheral proteins that are antigen receptors |
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Term
| T/B cells peripheral proteins |
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Definition
antigen receptors recognize antigens
T cells develop into CD4+ or CD8+
have a protein int he membrane called that |
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Term
|
Definition
| have ability to stimulate immune response by producing antibodies or making specific T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
specific region of antigen that triggers immune response
body recognizes and bonds to one billion different antigenic determinants |
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Term
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
everyone has a unique one
helps recognize foreign antigens
two types:MHCI and MHCII |
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Term
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Definition
| built into the cell membrane of all body cells except RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
only appear on surface of antigen presenting cells
cells of the thymus or T cells that have been activated by antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| APC (antigen presenting cell, macrophage, B cell, and dendritic) located in skin, respiratory, GI |
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Term
|
Definition
ingestion of antigen by WBC-phagocytosis
digestion into peptide fragments
MHCII molecules produced
MHCII mixed with antigen peptide fragments
MHCII binds to antigen peptide fragments
antigen/MHCII complex embedded into plasma membrane
APC migrates to lymphatic system and gives antigen to T cell
T cell recognizes and binds to antigen MHCII complex
T cell initiates immune response |
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Term
| antibody mediated immune responses |
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Definition
system that works against dissolved antigens
B cells transform into plasma cells |
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Term
|
Definition
make antibodies
found in marrow and lymph nodes
lives 4-5 days |
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Term
|
Definition
bind to antigenic determinant on antigen
glycoprotein
made of 4 polypeptide chains |
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Term
| polypeptide chains and antibodies |
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Definition
2 heavy chains with 450 AA and carbs
2 light chains with 220 AA
each antibody has 2 variable regions for antigen binding sites |
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Term
|
Definition
neutralize antigens, immobilizes bacteria, agglutination and precipitation of antigen
activation of complement system
enhances phagocytosis
fetal immunity |
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Term
| cell mediated immune response |
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Definition
involves CD8+ cells developing into killer T-cells
effective against, some cancer, foreign tissue transplants
activation of small # of T cells then proliferates, attacks and eliminates antigen |
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Term
| cell mediated immune response activation |
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Definition
first signal-antigen receptor on Tcell recognizes and binds to antigen fragments presented by MHCII
second signal-molecules on surface of T cell and on APC cause cells to bind to each other |
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Term
|
Definition
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
supressor T cells
memory T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| function to stimulate proliferation of other T and B cells that are already bound to antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
only T cells that directly attack other cells
look for specific antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
regulatory
suppresses T and B cell activity |
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Term
|
Definition
recognizes original invading antigen
permits faster response in future |
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Term
| three respiratory processes |
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Definition
pulmonary ventilation-between atm and lungs
external respiration-between lungs and blood
internal respiration-between blood and cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
contains hair and mucus to trap debris
highly vascular
warms moistens and filters air
contains receptors for sense of smell
nasolacrimal duct that opens to nasal cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
common passageway for food and air
connected to internal passageway through internal nares and oral cavity
three sections:naso, oro, and laryngo-pharynx |
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Term
|
Definition
connects pharynx and trachea
major parts: epiglottis and thyroid cartilage (outer surface of larynx) |
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Term
|
Definition
tube from larynx to lungs
at base splits into left and right bronchii
anterior to esophagus
cilia lined cells |
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Term
|
Definition
connects trachea and alveoli
first branch is primary bronchi, then second and third
bronchi have cartilage rings
bronchioles lack cartilage rings |
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Term
|
Definition
connected to body at hilus(pulmonary vein, artery and primary bronchi)
covered in pulmonary pleura (fluid is lubricant)
inside parietal pleura-sack for lungs
350 million alveoli-has simple squamous epithelium and surfactant |
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Term
|
Definition
| inspiration and expiration |
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Term
|
Definition
air pressure in lungs is < atm pressure
increase lung volume to achieve (boyles law)
lungs pulled down by contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
caused by reverse pressure gradient
passive
muscles relax |
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Term
|
Definition
| each gas in a mix exerts its own pressure as if all the other ones werent present |
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Term
|
Definition
| quantity of gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to partial pressure and solubility of the gas at constant temp |
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Term
|
Definition
o2 diffuses into blood while co2 diffuses out of blood
rate depends on: partial pressure difference of gases, surface area of gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility and molecular weight of gas |
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Term
|
Definition
o2 not very water soluble (1.5% in plasma, rest in hemoglobin)
20ml o2 per 100ml blood
carried in form of oxyhemoglobin
positive relationship between partial pressure and percent sat of hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on acidity (low pH lowers affinity), partial pressure o2, and co2 (b/c of carbonic acid), temperature (high temp dumps o2) and BPG (promotes o2 unloading) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fever, testosterone, epinephrine stimulate BPG |
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Term
|
Definition
55mlco2/100ml blood
dissolved in plasma, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3) |
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Term
|
Definition
based in medulla oblongata and pons
has three areas: medullary rhythmicity areas, expiratory area, pneumonic area |
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Term
| medullary rhythmicity area |
|
Definition
has inspiratory area
inactive at beginning of expiration (~3 sec)
result from autorhythmic cells
AP lasts 2 seconds and sent to inspiratory muscles, which contract
2 seconds later, respiratory muscles relax |
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Term
|
Definition
inactive during most normal expirations
labored breathing stimulates AP's that causes contraction of intercostals
decreases thoracic volume pushing air out |
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Term
|
Definition
located in pons
coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration
transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area
prevents lungs from becoming too full |
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Term
|
Definition
also in pons
coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration
sends impulses for prolonged inspiration
overridden by pneumonic area |
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Term
| regulation of respiratory center |
|
Definition
cortical and chemical regulation
also changes due to movement |
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Term
|
Definition
cerebral cortex connects to respiratory center
allows for voluntary prevention of breathing
limited by buildup of co2 and H+
H+ buildup causes Ap to be sent to respiratory muscles to cause inspiration |
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Term
|
Definition
chemical cues determine how fast and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors monitor levels of o2 and co2
central and peripheral chemo receptors
hypercapnia and hypocapnia |
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Term
|
Definition
chemical cues determine how fast and deeply we breathe
chemoreceptors monitor levels of o2 and co2
central and peripheral chemo receptors
hypercapnia and hypocapnia |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when slight increase in partial pressure of co2 stimulates central chemoreceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when decrease in partial pressure of co2 |
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|
Term
proprioreceptors
(neural changes due to movement) |
|
Definition
s\
monitor movements in joints and muscles
stimulate inspiration as a result of movement
anticipates need for o2 |
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