Term
| List 5 differences between arteries and veins |
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Definition
1. Veins have one way valves
2. Veins lack internal and external elastic membranes
3. Veins have smooth muscle in the tunica externa (arteries do not)
4. On histological slides, veins appear thin and "squished"
5. veins are convergent and arteries are divergent
6. veins increase in diameter as they return to the heart and arteries decrease in size as they leave the heart |
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Term
| List similarities between arteries and veins |
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Definition
1. Innervated by the SNS
2. Have 3 tunics (internal, media, externa)
3. Have their own blood supply- vaso vasorum |
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Term
| Name the 3 layers of a vessel wall |
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Definition
1. Tunica interna (endothelium + CT)- includes internal elastic membrane for arteries
2. Tunica Media (smooth muscle)- includes external elastic membrane for arteries
3. Tunica Externa (CT- collagen and elastic)- and smooth muscle in veins only |
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Term
| Name the 3 different capacity arteries |
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Definition
1. Large- elastic/conducting vessels
2. Medium- musclar/distributing
3. Arterioles- resistance vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| bulgin in weakened vessel wall- can rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| thickening/toughening of arterial walls (increased resistance due to narrow lumen) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of arteriosclerosis associated with plaques in the tunica intima of the artery wall. Can lead to thrombus formation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Continuous- most common/least permiable (endothelium)
2. Fenestrated- absorption and filtration/protein movement(SI, kidney, endocrine glands)
3. Sinusoidal- most permiable/ RBC movement (liver, bone marrow, spleen) |
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Term
| What structure regulates the entry of blood into capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "vascular shunt" the travels down the center of a capillary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the small artery that connects the arteriole to the thoroughfare channel |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two epithelial layers that compose capillaries? |
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Definition
| endothelium (endothelial cells) and basal lamina |
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Term
| Do capillaries have a vaso vasorum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 methods of movement across capillaries? |
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Definition
1. Diffusion (gases- O2 and CO2, ions, glucose, AAs)
-Lipophobic (ions/glucose) pass through pores
-Lipophilic (gases) pass through membrane
2. Bulk flow-dissolved substances moving through clefts or large pores (includes filtration and reabsorption)
3. transcytosis (endocytosis and then exocytosis from one side of the membrane to the other) |
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Term
| What is the pressure gradient responsible for bulk flow fluid movement across a capillary? (and equation) |
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Definition
Net filtration pressure
NFP= (HPc+OPif) - (HPif-OPc)
outward-inward pressure |
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Term
| What does a negative or positive NFP mean? |
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Definition
positive- filtration
negative- reabsorption |
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Term
| Blood that isn't reabsorbed by capillaries is picked up by the lymphatic system. What are 4 benefits of this? |
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Definition
1. enhanced delivery of substances to tissues
2. continuous mixing of ECF divisions
3. transport of larger insoluble substances to blood
4. flush microbes/toxins into lyphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| local blood flow through individual tissues based on metabolic demands |
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Term
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Definition
| Systolic BP- diastolic BP |
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Term
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Definition
average blood pressure in large systemic arteries during the cardiac cycle
MAP= 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
MAP= CO x TPR |
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Term
| What is the equation for Flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 factors that aid in venous blood return? |
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Definition
1. low resistance in veins
2. one way valves
3. skeletal muscle pumps/respiratory pump
4. venoconstriction |
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Term
| What receptors do cardiomyocytes have (contractile and authorythmic)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptors do cardiac arteries have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptors do Skeletal muscle vessels have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are short term changes the body makes to change BP? |
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Definition
| use ANS to adjust VR, preload, contractility, HR, and TPR (baroreceptor reflex) |
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Term
| What are long term changes the body makes to change BP? |
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Definition
| Endocrine- maintain overall blood volume (and some TPR) |
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Term
| Where are the 2 baroreceptors located and what are the afferent nerves that carry their AP's |
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Definition
1. Carotid sinus BR- Glossopharyngeal Nerve
2. Aortic Arch BR- Vagus Nerve |
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Term
| Which baroreceptor controls BP and flow to the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the rate and intensity of AP's when a baroreceptor is stretched? |
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Definition
| increased frequency but no change in intensity |
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Term
| Name the 3 cardiovascular control centers in the medulla |
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Definition
1. Vasomotor
2. Cardioinhibitory center
3. cardioacceleratory center |
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Term
Vasomotor Center
(SNS or PNS, target tissue, nerve, transmitter released and receptor) |
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Definition
SNS
arteries and veins (smooth muscle)
Vasomotor Nerve
E/NE
alpha receptors |
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Term
Cardioinhibitory Center
(SNS or PNS, target tissue, nerve, transmitter released and receptor) |
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Definition
PNS
autorhythmic cells
Vagus Nerve
Ach
muscarinic receptors |
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Term
Cardioacceleratory Center
(SNS or PNS, target tissue, nerve, transmitter released and receptor) |
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Definition
SNS
autorhythmic and contractile cells
Sympathetic Cardiac Nerve
NE
Beta 1 |
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Term
Chemoreceptor reflex
Short term regulation of MAP |
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Definition
regulates rate and depth of breathing
receptors located in aortic and carotid sinus
stimulates cardioacceleratory and vasomotor center |
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Term
Long term regulation of MAP
Endocrine- name H's |
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Definition
regulate ECF comp and volume
ADH, Aldosterone, Ang-II, ANP/BNP |
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Term
| Which hormones are involved in INCREASING MAP |
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Definition
ADH, Aldosterone, AngII (increase BV-long term)
ADH and AngII increase TPR (immediate)
renin-angiotensin aldosterone pathway) |
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Term
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathyway |
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Definition
drop in BP stimulates kidneys to release renin. Renin forms AngII which increases secretion of ADH and aldosterone
-Vasoconstrictors (ADH and AngII)
-ADH and aldosterone increase water and Na reabsorption |
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Term
| What hormones DECREASE MAP |
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Definition
ANP/BNP
decrease BV (long term) and TPR (immediate)
Stimulates kidneys to decrease water and Na reabsorption and increase urine output |
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Term
| Hormones that contribute to increase BV or BP? (5) |
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Definition
Catecholamines (E/NE)
ADH
Ang-II
Aldosterone
EPO (from kidney when decreased O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| massive sudden drop in BP (can be caused by hemorrhage) |
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Term
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Definition
| large drop in BP due to vasodilation by histamine |
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Term
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Definition
| large drop in BP due to problems with ANS regulation of TPR/CO. Cardiovascular centers in the brain usually failing as the result of head trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| large drop in BP caused by vasodilation medicated by bacterial toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| large drop in BP cause by MI or heart failure |
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Term
| What is the minimum BP to be considered hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the long term consequences of hypertension |
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Definition
| hypertrophy of the heart (enlarged), kidney failure due to tissue damage, increased plaque formation, aneurism |
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Term
| What are risk factors for primary (essential) hypertension (90%) |
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Definition
| heredity, age, diet, obesity, diabetes, stress, smoking |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for secondary hypertension? |
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Definition
| kidney disease, obstructed renal artery |
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Term
| how is hypertension treated? |
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Definition
| diet, exercise, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers |
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Term
| How does an ACE inhibitor work? |
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Definition
| ACE is an enzyme produced by pulmonary and renal endothelial cells that converts AngI to AngII (which is responsible for increasing BP) |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate BP/BF to the brain upon sitting or standing |
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Term
| Active hyperemia (exercise hyperemia) |
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Definition
| increased BF to a tissue due to an increase in metabolic activity that causes accumulation of metabolites and decrease in nutrient levels |
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Term
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Definition
| increase metabolites and decrease nutrients due to decreased BF (due to compressed vessel)results in increase in BF when released. |
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Term
| What is the role of myogenic controls? |
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Definition
| maintain BF established by active and reactive hyperemia and protect Blood vessels from sudden increases in pressure |
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Term
| How do myogenic controls work? |
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Definition
-increase BP causes stretch to BV which causes myogenic constriction to reduce blood flow
-decrease BF decreases stretch which causes myogenic dilation for increased BF |
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Term
| What are the two types of Autoregulation (intrinsic control) |
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Definition
| Metabolic controls and Myogenic controls |
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Term
| What is the goal of intrinsic controls? |
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Definition
| matching supply and demand at the tissue level |
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Term
| What is the goal of extrinsic controls? |
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Definition
| regulation of MAP and redistribution of blood flow during exercise and thermoregulation |
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Term
| What does a functional MRI monitor? |
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Definition
| changes in blood flow to neurons which reflects the activity of the neurons |
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Term
| What are the 4 changes associated with activation of the cAMP pathway due to E/NE binding to B1 receptors of CONTRACTILE cells |
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Definition
1. Phosphorylate L-type Ca channels (increase PCa-> increase Ca in ICF)
2. Phosphorylate SR Ca channels (same effect as above)
3. Phosphorylate SR pumps (increased rate of Ca return to SR means faster rate of contraction)
4. Phosphorylate myosin ATPase (faster stronger contractions) |
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Term
| What are the 3 changes associates with inhibition of autorhythmic cells by the vagas nerve due to Ach binding to muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
1. Inhibition of funny Ca channels
2. inhibition of T-type Ca channels
3. Activation of K channels |
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Term
| What are the 2 changes associated with activation of the cAMP pathway due to E/NE binding to B1 receptors on AUTORHYTHMIC CELLS |
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Definition
1. Phosphorylation of funny Ca channels
2. Phosphorylation of T-Type Ca channels
*results in overall increase in Ca and Na concentration which increases slope drift and reduces repol time--> increase HR |
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Term
| What does Ach binding to M-R's do to auto-R cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what does Ach binding to M-R's do to bronchiolus/airway smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NE binding to Alpha 1 R's do to vascular arteries? |
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Definition
| increased TPR (vasoconstriction) |
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Term
| What does NE binding to Alpha 1 R's do to vascular veins? |
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Definition
| increased Venous return (venoconstriction) |
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Term
| What does NE binding to B-1 R's do to auto-R cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NE binding to B-1 R's do to contractile cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NE binding to B-2 R's do to arteries in Sk muscle and cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does NE binding to B-2 R's do to bronchioles/ airway smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What variables are involved in Poiseuille's Law (resistance)? |
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Definition
viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius
R=(8nL)/(pie r to the 4th power) |
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