Term
| What has more tunica adventitia vein or artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a smaller rounder lumen, artery or vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a larger tunica media, artery or vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bigger elastic or muscular artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal and elastic lamina is only present in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer can you get plaque build up resulting in atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
These describe what layer of elastic artery?
a. endothelium: simple squamous epithelium
b. subendothelial layer : loose connective tissue; fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells (arrows), elastic fibers and collagen fibers
c. internal elastic lamina: inconspicuous in elastic arteries, next to highly elastic t.m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
These describe what layer of elastic artery?
Layers of smooth muscle produce interspersed fenestrated layers of elastin; collagen and glycoprotein. Number and thickness of elastic lamellae increases with age and hypertension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes its own basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What can be described by the following?
Control lumen constriction, but also secrete extracellular matrix: large amounts of elastic fibers in elastic arteries; collagen fibers and ground substance. Interconnected by gap junctions. Each cell surrounded by basal lamina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of elastic muscle can be described by the following?
Loose irregular connective tissue; fibroblasts; merges into surrounding CT. Contains vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum, supplying outer vessel wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is described by the following
Nourish t. adventitia and outer t. media of large arteries and veins. More prominent in veins than arteries (since veins carry deoxygenated blood). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following describes what?
Most are post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, which secrete norepinephrine to constrict the smooth muscle and narrow the lumen. Neurotransmitter diffuses to t. media; gap junctions between smooth muscle cells transmit contraction around vessel.
Some endings are parasympathetic; they secrete acetylcholine, which relaxes muscle and causes vasodilation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following describes what?
Abnormal localized dilation of an artery. Greater risk with chronic hypertension, but found in 10% of autopsies. May be caused by atherosclerosis, inflammation, syphilis or Marfan’s Syndrome (a genetic defect in elastic fibers). A weakness in the tunica media, caused by deficiency in the elastin fibers. Rupture usually fatal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following describes what?
Mostly smooth muscle, and less elastic, in t.m. , so internal and external elastic laminae stand out.
Allow selective distribution of blood to specific organs, according to need. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of muscular artery does this describe?
Subendothelial layer thinner than in elastic a., but thickens with age and atherosclerosis.
Internal elastic lamina is fenestrated, thick and refractile. Wavy due to contraction of muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of muscular artery is described:
Thickest layer. Smooth muscle cells enveloped by basal lamina; coordinated via gap junctions. External elastic lamina visible in larger arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of muscular artery is described here?
Loose CT; vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum; generally as thick as tunica media; mostly collagen fibers with some elastic fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is being described here?
Tunica media contains 1-3 layers of smooth muscle. Vasodilation or constriction of the t.m. of these controls systemic blood pressure. Resistance vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of the muscular atrophy is being described?
Endothelial cells resting on basal lamina.
Internal elastic lamina in larger arterioles only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of muscular artyery is being described here?
When smooth muscle cells contract with fixation, the endothelial cells appear more prominently. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What muscular artery layer is being described here?
Becomes scant as arterioles get smaller. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Access to capillaries is controlled by ?. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bypass much of the capillary bed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What completely bypass capillary bed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is being described here?
Smallest vessels, not much bigger than a RBC (or even smaller). Thin endothelium on a basal lamina. No t. media or t. adventitia. Site of gas exchange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What capillary is being described here?
Tight occluding junctions seal intercellular clefts; little fluid leakage. All molecules exchanged cross endothelial cells by diffusion or transcytosis. Continuous basal lamina. Often surrounded by pericyte, which has own basal lamina. Most common. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What capillary is being described?
Endothelial cells have small pores, but basal lamina is continuous. Pores usually bridged by diaphragm. Freer movement of molecules and fluids. Found in GI, kidney, endocrine glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What have high negative charge, and contain abundant heparin sulfate-rich proteoglycans. Thick, continuous basal lamina.
(Fenestrated capillaries of kidney glomeruli lack these.)
Few pericytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What capillaries are described here?
Larger diameter. May have discontinuous endothelium and basal lamina; gaps are both within and between cells, and have no diaphragm. Gaps may be large enough for cells to pass through (spleen), or too small for cells (liver). Other sinusoids may have continuous walls (bone marrow) or fenestrated walls (adrenal cortex), but always large diameters. Often associated with phagocytes. |
|
Definition
| Sinusoidal Capillaries (discontinuous) |
|
|
Term
| What can be described as the following, Note gaps and discontinuous basal lamina, allowing blood cells to migrate through wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If blood perfuses two capillary beds, with a larger vessel in between, this is termed a ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . The major portal system involves capillaries of the ?, which drain into the hepatic portal vein, then supply the liver capillaries with all the nutrients that they have picked up. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, veins have larger, flatter lumens than their companion arteries. The ? is much thicker than the t. media, and may have longitudinal as well as circular smooth muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postcapillary venules drain capillaries, and are still involved with exchange of ?. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venules allow blood cells to migrate from vessel to tissue (diapedesis); primary site of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is described by the following?
Specialized postcapillary venules found in lymph nodes (and other lymphoid tissues such as tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix). Endothelial cells are cuboidal, with ovoid nuclei, and specialized for the attachment and migration of leukocytes out of blood vessel by diapedesis, and for reabsorption of lymph fluid back into the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is described here?
Two venules converging to form this. Three tunics are present, but less distinct than in arteries. Note the valves - fibroelastic tissue covered with endothelium. Prevent backflow, especially in extremities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When valves are weakened and fail, blood pools in the veins, twisting and expanding them, producing ?. More common in women and with prolonged standing, obesity or pregnancy. If oxygen is slowed enough, may cause necrosis, ulceration, thrombosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What vein is being described here?
Thin endothelium, thin (2-3 layers of smooth muscle) tunica media, but thicker tunica adventitia. Larger lumen – veins contain 70% of blood volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of vein is described?
Distinct t. intima, occasionally an IEL. Tunica media has few circular layers of smooth muscle. Thick t. adventitia has collagen bundles (red) and longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles (yellow). Extensive vasa vasorum. Few elastic fibers visible in this elastic stain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is described by the following?
Distinct t. intima, occasionally an IEL. Tunica media has few circular layers of smooth muscle. Thick t. adventitia has collagen bundles (red) and longitudinally arranged smooth muscle bundles (yellow). Extensive vasa vasorum. Few elastic fibers visible in this elastic stain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells wrap in a thin tube, meeting with occluding (tight) junctions. Marginal folds may open for migration of WBCs. Nuclei protrude into lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In selective permeability barrier what can pass readily by diffusion? |
|
Definition
| Small hydrophobic molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide) |
|
|
Term
| Small hydrophilic molecules (gluclose, amino acids, electrolytes) must be transported via ?, or between cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must be transported by receptor-mediated endocytosis in a selective permeability barrier? |
|
Definition
| Specific molecules (LDL, cholesterol, transferrin) |
|
|
Term
What can be described by the following?
Some tissues have highly restricted permeability (eg brain, thymus, testes). In these areas, endothelial cells are joined by extensive tight junctions, and all substances that cross must be transported by active, specific transporters. Little transcytosis, so few vesicles are seen in endothelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes vasodilators: nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and secrets vasoconstrictors :endothelin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endothelial cells coupled to smooth muscle by ?, allowing direct control of membrane potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Healthy endothelium secretes ? (eg thrombomodulin, NO, prostacyclin) that inhibit platelet attachment and prevent clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injured endothelium releases stimulators of ? (eg von Willebrand factor, tissue thromboplastin) that promote protective clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin (adhesion of neutrophils) are stored in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of leukocyte migration by expression of ? molecules (eg selectins, integrins) . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of immune functions by secretion of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillary and postcapillary venule walls are often semi-surrounded by?. These wrap around the vessel, with the nucleus resembling an endothelial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are enveloped with their own basal lamina, outside the endothelial cell. They contain actin and myosin and are contractile. After injury, these function as stem cells to create new vessels, and maybe other cell types as well (osteoblasts, fibroblasts). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does this define?
A common form of arteriosclerosis, with formation of plaques (atheromas) containing cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and foam cells (lipid-filled macrophages). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does this define?
A common form of arteriosclerosis, with formation of plaques (atheromas) containing cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and foam cells (lipid-filled macrophages). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three consequences of atheromas? |
|
Definition
Reduced blood flow, necrosis
Thrombus formation
Aneurysm formation |
|
|
Term
| What is defined as damaged endothelial cells trigger coasulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What can be described as:
atheroma replaces elastic and smooth muscle tissue, weakening the wall and allowing abnormal widening. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiogenesis is the formation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a stimulating factor for angiogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
|
|
