relating to head, neck, and trunk

the axis of the body

pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

wrist

area of back between the ribs and hips

the loin

cephalad

cranial

superficial

external

internal

deep

(coronal plane)

a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Major component organs: bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints

Function: body support, protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action, cavities provides a site for blood cell formation

Major component organs: Muscles attached to the skeleton

Function: to contract or shorten; allow locomotion, grasping and manipulation of environment, and facial expressions, also generates heat

Major component organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Function: allows body to detect changes in internal and external environment and responds to such info, helps maintain homeostasis 

endocrine system

Major component organs: pitutary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas

Function: helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, produces chemical messengers

ribosomes

composed of RNA and protein

actual sites of protein synthesis

floating free or attached to a membrane structure (rough ER) in cytoplasm

studded with ribosomes

provide an area for storage and transportation of the proteins made on the ribosomes

external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol

has no function in protein synthesis

a site of steroid and lipid synthesis

contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)

function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

have the capacity of total cell destruction

rod shaped bodies with a double membraned wall

inner membrane is in folds (cristae)

contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce ATP

"powerhouse of cell"

paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other

close to nucleus

direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

form the bases of cilia and flagella

formed largely of actin

important in cell mobility

covers surfaces and lines cavities and tubules

FUNCTIONS INCLUDE: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion

located all throughout the body, it is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

FUNCTION: primarily protects, supports, and binds together other body tissues

located in the brain and spinal cord

FUNCTION: transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity

located in the heart, meat or flesh of body, walls of hollow organs

FUNCTION: produces body movement, propels blood throughout body, propels substances along internal passageways

D: single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm (simplest ep.)

F: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isnt important; secretes lubricating substances in serose

L: kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; heart lining; blood vessels; lymph vessels

D: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical nuclei

F: secretion and absorption

L: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

D: single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some bear cilia; may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

F: absorption, mucus secretion, enzymes, and other substances

L: noncilliated- lines most of digestive tract

ciliated- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes

D: single layer of cells differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

F: secretion (mucus), propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

L: non-cil- in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands;

ciliated- lines trachea, most of upper respiratory tract

D: thick membrane composed of several cell layer; surface cells are full of kertin and dead

F: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

L: non-k: forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagine

k: epidermis of skin

D: generally two layers of cubelike cells

F: protection

L: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

D: several cell layers; basal usually cuboidal; superficial usually elongated

F: protection, secretion

L: rare in body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

D: resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like

F: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

L: lines ureters, bladder, and part of urethra 

D: embryonic CT; gel-like ground substance containing fibers

F: gives rise to all other CT types

L: primarily in embryo

D: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types

contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, some WBC

F: wraps and cushions organs; macrophages phagocytize bacteria; inflammation response; holds and conveys tissue

L: under epithelia of body, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

adipose tissue

(Loose CT)

D: matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet

F: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

L: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

D: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on network

F: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC, mast cells, and macrophages

L: lymphoid organs

D: primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

F: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones

L: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

D: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic' major cell type is fibroblast

F: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength

L: dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and joins

D: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature chondrocytes lie in matrix

F: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

L: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of ribs; cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

D: more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline

F: maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibilty

D: external ear, epiglottis

D: matrix similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

F: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

L: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

D: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunar

very well vascularized

F: supports and protects; provides levers for muscles; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow is site for blood cell formation

L: bones

D: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix

F: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

L: contained within blood vessels