Term
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Definition
| Formed elements (cells) + Liquid portion |
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Term
| Blood quantity in body (percent of body weight and How many liters?) |
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Definition
| 8% of body weight and 5 L of whole blood is avg. adult |
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Term
| A centrifuged vile of blood is made of what? |
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Definition
Top layer: PLASMA (Water, proteins, lipids, etc.) 55%
Middle layer: BUFFY COAT (WBCs & platelets) <1%
Bottom layer: HEMOCRIT (RBCs)45% |
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Term
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Definition
| Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, wastes |
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Term
| What makes up FORMED ELEMENTS? (45% of blood composition) |
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Definition
1) RBCS 95%
2) WBCs 0.1%!!
3) Platelets 5% |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of WBCs? |
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Definition
| 1) Neutrophils 54-62% 2) Lymphocytes 25-33% 3) Monocytes 3-9% 4) Eosinophils 1-3% 5) Basophils <1% |
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Term
| What's the name of the stem cells that produce differentiated blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of erythrocytes? |
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Definition
Small, biconcave discs
Contains protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen
Removed by spleen or liver
Lack mitochondria and nucleus
4 to 6 million in avg male |
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Term
| Erythropoiesis (formation of RBCs occurs where? In fetuses? After birth?) |
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Definition
In embryo, occurs in yolk sac, spleen, & liver (later destroyed there!)
After birth, in red bone marrow
Lifespan = 120 days aka 4 months |
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Term
| What is the word for increase in circulating WBCs? (due to an acute infection) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a reticulocyte enters the blood stream and the reticulum degenerates, it's mature. |
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Term
| When are RBC's made? What triggers erythropoiesis in other words? |
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Definition
| Oxygen deficiency, so EPO, Erythropoietin hormone is secreted by the KIDNEYS. Negative feedback system |
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Term
| What two dietary factors are necessary for DNA synthesis (and thus, hemapoietic tissue)? |
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Definition
| Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid |
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Term
| What dietary factor is necessary for hemoglobin synthesis? |
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Definition
Iron
*Anemia is a depletion of hemoglobin in RBCs |
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Term
| RBC destruction...macrophages phagocytize damaged RBCs WHERE? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin is broken down when RBCs are destroyed. What are the three products? |
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Definition
Biliverdin and bilirubin
Iron combines with transferrin, a glycoprotein |
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Term
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Definition
| causes greenish color in bruises; product of hemoglobin breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow breakdown product; product of hemoglobin breakdown |
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Term
| WBC, aka leukoctyes, are classified 2 ways. How? |
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Definition
| 1) Granulocytes (leukocytes with granular cytoplasm) 2) Agranulocytes (leukocytes without granules) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of granulocytes? Describe each and what each does. |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria. Most abundant leukocyte.Has a weird multiknobbed nucleus
2)Eosinophils - Defend against parasites. Stain deep red/orange & bi-lobed nucleus. For moderate allergic reactions.
3) Basophils - Release histamine & heparin at damaged tissue sites. Have blue stained, big granules. Least common l.cytes |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes? Describe each and what each does. |
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Definition
1) Monocytes - phagocytize dead cells & bacteria. Largest of l.cytes and kidney-shaped nucleus. Whole cell stains light blue or purple.
2) Lymphocytes - These are T cells and B cells. T cells attack tumors and microorganisms. B cells produce antibodies (the good guys vs. antigens). Slightly larger than RBCs. Large nucleus with little cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What's the name for WBC formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 things stimulate leukopoiesis? |
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Definition
| Interleukins & Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) |
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Term
| What are the 2 pathways of leukopoiesis? |
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Definition
1) Myeloid: Forms granuloctyes and Monocytes
2) Lymphoid: forms lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| WBCs can squeeze through holes in the capillary walls, so they can exit the blood stream into connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| When damaged cells release chemicals that attract WBCs |
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Term
| What's the name for decrease in circulating WBCs? (due to AIDS or anemia) |
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Definition
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Term
| How many WBCs on avg per microliter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the official name for platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the hormone that causes platelets, ahem, thrombocytes, to develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the deal with thrombocytes (aka platelets)? - What do they do? |
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Definition
| They release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) |
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Term
| Plasma. It's made of ___%of water. What does it do? |
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Definition
| 92%. And it transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, regulates fluid balance, maintains blood pH |
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Term
| 3 main types of plasma proteins? *Hint: AGF |
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Definition
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen |
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Term
| ALBUMINS. Most abundant plasma protein at 60%... Where are they synthesized? What do they do? |
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Definition
Liver!
Help maintain osmotic balance. Bind/transport molecules |
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Term
| GLOBULINS. 36% of plasma proteins... Where are they synthesized? |
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Definition
Liver synthesizes alpha and beta globs!
Lymphatic tissues synthesize gamma globs! |
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Term
GLOBULINS. Alpha and beta do what?
Gamme globs do what? |
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Definition
A and B transport lipids
Gammas are immunogobulins (aka antibodies) |
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Term
| FIBRINOGEN. 4% of plasma protein. Synthesized where? Does what? |
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Definition
Liver!
Blood coagulation. Converted to Fibrin with is active, insoluble form. |
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Term
| Hemostasis, or the stoppage of bleeding, is because we wanna minimized blood loss. What are the 3 types? |
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Definition
1) Blood vessel spasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Blood coagulation |
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Term
| What happens during Blood vessel spasm? |
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Definition
| Cutting a blood vessel wall results in the smooth muscle contracting, blood loss lessens immediately, Lasts only a few minutes. |
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Term
| What happens during Platelet Plug formation? |
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Definition
| platelets adhere to each other and to collagen to form a plug over a small injury site. |
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Term
| What happens during Blood Coagulation (aka clotting)? |
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Definition
Extrinsic: triggered by biochemicals from broken blood vessels
Intrinsic: triggered by blood contact with foreign particles w/o tissue damage.
Both pathways convert fibrinogen to fibrin. |
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Term
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Definition
| USES POSITIVE FEEDBACK. that's special. presence of calcium converts the ever-present prothrombin from plasma into thrombin. And Fibrin sticks to holes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts by activating Hageman factor. Requires calcium just like extrinsic clotting, for prothrombin--> thrombin and fibrinogen --> fibrin. |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormally forming clot |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece that breaks off from the blood clot, and blocks blood flow. eee |
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Term
| Prevention of (unnecessary coagulation) |
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Definition
endothelium prevents them from spontaneously happening.
Alpha globulin inactivates extra thrombin.
Heparin & warfarin prevent abnormal clotting |
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Term
| What's the deal with antigens and antibodies? What are they? |
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Definition
Antigens are carried on RBCs surface.
Antibodies are plasma proteins against SPECIFIC antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
Antigen A and Antigen B.
A person who as antigen A only, cannot accept B blood because...their blood produces anti-B antibodies. |
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Term
| Where is EPO, erythropoietein, secreted from? |
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Definition
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