Plasma 55%

RBC 40-45%

White blood cells 1%

Fluid and metabolic circulation.

Maintains oncotic pressure

Coagulation proteins, immunoglobins

Albumin: maintains onconic pressure, prevents water from escaping into interstitium.

Globulins: γ-antibodies, β-transport proteins

Coagulation factors:

Free fatty acids

Cholesterol

Chylomicrons

Toxic by-products

example is urea

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocyte

2α

2β

Site located inside of hemoglobin.

Binds to Fe.

Then Oxygen binds to Iron

Cytoplasmic enzymes

Glucose

120 days

or

4 months

Actin

Spectrin

Where are Hemes made?

Hypoxia(low oxygen)

Erthropoietin(kidney): groth factor. makes RBC's

Increased Destruction of red blood cells.

Inherited: abnormal hemoglobin. membrane proteins, or enzymes deficiencies can all lead to shortened lifespan, increase hemolysis.

Acquired: abnormal production due to iron deficiency, lead poisoning, kidney failure(low erthropoietin)

..also not round

microcytosis

(example)iron deficiancy

macrocytosis

(example) Vitamin B12 or folic deficiency

may have dots

Hypochromia

-not enough hemoglobin

-Iron deficiency

-central pallor(whole in donut) is really wide

Hyperchromia

-reduced cell size increases the concentration of hemoglobin.

-totally round cells.(no donut)

-tells you there is a disease process going on

Spur cells: (renal failure)

Elliptocytes: (spectrin mutation)

Fragments: (schistocytes)broken by body processes.

Sickle Cells

Nucleated: You can tell it is an RBC because the cytoplasm is stained the same color as the surrounding RBCs.

Nuclear Remnant: (Holly Jolly body) left over tiny nucleus. Seen after splenectomy because spleen is supposed to remove these things.

Basophilic Stipling: lead poisoning. Lead blocks production by binding to the spot on the Heme where Fe is supposed to bind. Ribosomes build up on the surface and are stained as a result.

Malaria Parasites

Granulocytes

Mononuclear cells(Agranulocytes)

has to do with how it stains.

Neutrophils: nuetral granules most numerous and most important for us

Eosinophils: red granules

Basophils: blue granules

They stain nuetro to a H&E stain.

About 10-12 micrometers

Nuclei: multiple segments (3-5)

Cytoplasm: pinkish salmon color.

"Polymorphonuclearleukocyte"(PMN) or "seg"

Younger Neutrophil.

-single, U-chaped nucleus.

2000-5000/microLiter. 33-66% of all WBCs

Granulocytosis

Happens when there is a severe infection.

Neutropenia:

May result from immunologically destruction or reduced production in the bone marrow.

Severe cases (<500/microLiter) can lead to sever bacteria or fungal infections.

KILL BACTERIA

Chemotaxis: crawl and move towards bacteria. Cell sticks to tissue via adhesion molecules.

Phagocytosis: eat bacteria.

Digest: granules contain Proteolytic enzymes needed to kill bacteria. Oxygen radicals are produced by cytoplasmic enzymes.

Chronic granulomatous disease: Abnormal oxidative burst(killing).

Leukocyte adhesion defeciency: inability to stck to blood vessels do to mutation in adhesion molecules.

Red staining Granules.

Bi-Lobed nucleus.

Lysosomal enzymes

Peroxidase

Histamine

Crystals

Granules contain crystalloid major basic protein. (MBP)

Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.

Allergic conditions

Parasitic conditions

Cancers

Blue

Very Large

Heparin

Histamine

Single, non-segmented nucleus.

Contain non specific, light purple granules.

-Monocytes

-Lymphocytes B- and T- cells

Granulocyte-Macrophage precursors

9-15micrometers

3-8%

Macrophages

Motility

Phagocytic

Granules contain proteolytic enzymes

Produces cytokines(chemicals that attract or send signals to other cells)

Non-phagocytic cells

5-15micrometers

20-45% of total WBC

Make antibodies(immunoglobins)

Memory cells

Plasma cells(mature version of Lymphocytes)

Cellular Immunity.

Produce Lymphokines.

Helper (CD4) cells: enhance activity of other lymphocytes. Helps with HIV

Suppressor (CD8) cells: inhibit activity of other cells.

Cytototic ("killer") cells: can kill other cells on direct contact.

Autoimmune problems-can be too much.

Impaired immunoglobin production and increase bacterial production.

Impaired defenses against  viruses, parasites, and tumor surveillance.

Increased numbers of Lymphocytes may be seen with certain infections.

"Atipical" may also be seen.

Cytoplasmic buds  from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Mitochondria

Glycogen

Granules : Alpha contain clotting proteins.(Fibrinogen, PDGF, VWF, Thrombospodin, Fibronectin)

Delta contain energy molecules(ADP, ATP, Ca++, Seratonin) 

Membrane adhesion molecules

Inflammation

Splenectomy

Myeloproliferative disorders.

Reduced Platelets can cause bleeding...

Increased destruction

Reduced production: (bone marrow malignancy, infections)

Factor VIII

vWF

Made by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells

Inherited disorder that causes increased bleading.

Factor VIII deficiency

Inherited coagulation disorder that causes increased bleeding.

Factor IX deficiency

The breakdown of the Fibrin clot.

Done by protein Plasmin

Plasmin is activated by t-PA(tissue plasminogen activator)

Too Few: Anemia/Tiredness

Too Many: Polycythemia/Slow blood flow

Too Few: Neutropenia/Infections

Too Many: Leukemia/Organ Enlargement

Too Few: Thrombocytopenia/Bleeding

To Many: Thrombocytosis/Clotting

Too Few: Bleeding disorders/Bleeding

Too Few: Antibody deficiency/Bacterial infections

Too Many: Excess antibody/Viscous plasma