Term
| What are the three functions of blood? Give an example of each |
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Definition
i) Transport: O2, nutrients, hormones
ii) Balance: Volume, electrolytes, pH
iii) Protection: Neutralization, coagulation, Antimicrobial mechanisms |
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Term
| What are the three functions of lymph? |
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Definition
i) Fluid recovery
ii) Immune surveilance
3) Fat absorption |
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Term
| What are the layers of an artery called? |
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Definition
| The 3 Tunicas: Externa, media, intima |
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Term
| Why do arterial walls have a thick elastic layer? Which tunica is this layer? |
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Definition
To maintain a constant blood pressure by
i) preventing a blood pressure drop during diastole
ii) preventing a blood pressure surge in sistole.
The tunica media is the "thick" elastic layer in arteries. |
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Term
| What are the main regulators of blood flow and pressure in the circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Arterioles. These are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. (determined by media?) |
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Term
| What is an aneurism and how can they cause tissue damage? |
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Definition
| An aneurysm is a blood filled balloon like bulge in a blood vessel. These can damage surrounding tissues if there is no room to expand and also increase the risk of hemorrhaging. |
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Term
| Where in the circulatory system is pressure "sensed"? |
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Definition
2 places contain baroreceptors which monitor the body's blood pressure.
i) Aortic arch
ii) Carotid sinus |
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Term
| Where in the body is the pH of the blood monitored? |
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Definition
There are 2 chemoreceptor clusters in the circulatory system. These monitor the levels of CO2 in the blood.
i) Coratid bodies
ii) Aortic bodies |
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Term
| Where in the body are valves in veins absent? |
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Definition
i) abdominal cavity
ii) brain |
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Term
| What blood vessels supply blood to blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the body are there no capillary beds? |
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Definition
| cornea, lens, epithelia, cartilidge |
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Term
| To allow flow/not allow flow through thoroughfare channels, arterioles dilate/constrict what structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of capillaries, in order from most porous to least porous? Where would you expect to find each? |
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Definition
i) Sinusoid - liver
ii) Fenestrated - glomerulus
iii) Continuous - brain |
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Term
| What are the functions of pericytes? In what type of blood vessel are they found? |
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Definition
| pericytes are undifferentiated cells that can replace the capillary cells in case of damage/apoptosis. They are also thought to have some constriction/dilation function. These are found in continuous capillaries |
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Term
| What is the basis and function of oncotic pressure? |
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Definition
| Oncotic pressure stems from the presence of large plasma proteins in the blood. These provide a blood solute concentration that keeps an osmotically driven fluid balance between the capillaries and lymph systems. |
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Term
| What are the 2 portal systems that exist in the body? |
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Definition
Hepatic portal
Hypophyseal portal |
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Term
| How do capillaries differ from lymphatic capillaries |
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Definition
lymphatic capillaries have:
i) no tight jxns
ii) are closed on the ends
iii) have overlapping edges that act as pressure controlled flaps |
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Term
| True or False: Lymphatic collecting ducts have the same 3 tunica layers as veins |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph is collected in a lymphatic capillary, where does it go and what structures does it pass through? |
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Definition
| Lymphatic capillary -> Lymphatic collecting vessels -> Lymphatic trunks -> Lymphatic collecting ducts -> Subclavian veins |
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Term
| What are the six lymphatic collecting trunks? Which are associated with the right lymphatic duct? Which form the cisterna chyli? |
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Definition
Right lymphatic duct trunks:
i)Subclavian
ii) Brachiomediastinal
iii) Jugular
------------------------------------
Cisterna Chyli formers:
iv)Intestinal
v) Lumbar
----------------------
Unassociated with these:
vi) Intercostal trunk |
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Term
| What substance makes up the majority of the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of stem cell differentiates into an erythrocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four local effects of inflammation? Why are these effects produced by the body? |
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Definition
Rubber doll's collar tumor
Rubor -> reddening
Dolor -> pain
Color -> heat
Tumor -> swelling
These effects create the condition for an immune response. |
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Term
| What is the reticuloendothelial system? |
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Definition
| Part of the immune system that consists of macrophages located in reticular connective tissue (ex: lymph nodes, spleen) |
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