Term
| From where do the nerves of the sympathetic system exited the spinal cord? |
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Definition
between T1 and L2
Into the sympathetic chain and then from there carries fibers higher or lower |
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Term
| What is the location of the parasympathetic fibers in the CNS? |
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Definition
Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, and X.
Sacral Sp, by which we perceive the outside world, and interoceptive senses, by which we perceive the pain and movement of internal organs,inal nerves S2, S3, and S4 |
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Term
| What are the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic innervations? |
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Definition
Oculomotor III ---> Pupil Constriction; Accomodation
Facial VII ---> Lacrimal Gland & Mucosal Glands of Nose/Palate; Submandibular and Sublingual glands
Glossopharyngeal IX ---> Parotid Gland
Vagus X ---> Heart; Guy to 2/3 along transverse colon
There are also the sacral nerves S2, 3, and 4 called pelvic splanchnic nerves |
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Term
What is Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)?
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Definition
Is a neurologic condition characterized by episodes of brief, intense facial pain over ONE of the three regions of distribution of CN V Trigeminal Nerve.
Patient often winces bc pain is so intense.
Etiology is uncertain.
Could be from vascular compression of the CN V sensory ganglion and usualy is triggered by touch and drafts of cool are on the face.
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Term
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Definition
| Is a third distinct sensory modality that provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally. It is the sense that indicates whether the body is moving with the required effort, as well as where the various parts of the body are located in relation to each other. |
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Term
| What are exteroceptive senses? |
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Definition
| Are those sense by which we perceive the outside world |
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Term
| What are interoceptive senses? |
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Definition
| Those sense by which we perceive the pain and movement of internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Houses the somatomotor cortex which is where the brain tells the limbs, etc to do something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Houses the somatosensory cortex where the various information the body senses goes to. |
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Term
| How are the shapes of the upper and lower lids maintained? |
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Definition
| Each are maintained by a fibrous tarsal plate. The superior and inferior tarsal plates |
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Term
| What is the name of the fascia that encloses the anterior portion of the orbit around the eyeball? |
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Definition
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Term
| These merge to form the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments that insert into their respective orbital margins. |
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Definition
| The superior and inferior tarsal plates |
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Term
| What is the muscle acting on the upper eyelid? |
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Definition
| Levator palpebrae superioris m. |
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Term
| levator palpebrae superioris m. |
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Definition
Origin: From apex of orbit
Insertion: Tarsal plate of upper eyelid
Action: Contraction draws the eyelid upward when the eyeball is elevated
Nerve: Oculomotor nerve (III). |
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Term
| Paralysis of this muscle produces ptosis, a drooping of eyelid. |
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Definition
| levator palpebrae superioris m |
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Term
| Another name for midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
CN III Originates from?
What about the nuclei?? Which ones are there? |
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Definition
Originates from the midbrain
There are two nuclei here.
1. Oculomotor nucleus
2. Edinger-Westphal nucleus |
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Term
| The pathway for the oculomotor nucleus and what muscles does it control? |
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Definition
Originates in the mesencephalon at the level of the superior colliculus
Controls levator palpebrae superioris
and extraocular muscles
1. Superior Rectus
2. Inferior Rectus
3. Inferior Oblique
4. Medial Rectus |
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Term
| Edinger-Westphal nucleus does what? |
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Definition
| It supplies supplies parasympathetic fibres to the eye via the ciliary ganglion, and thus controls the sphincter pupillae muscle (affecting pupil constriction) and the ciliary muscle (affecting accommodation). |
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Term
| Pathway of the CN III Oculomotor N |
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Definition
Emerges from midbrain/mesencephalon
Enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissures and divides into two branches:
1. superior
2. inferior |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to the CN III.
Down and out symptoms of eye bc this nerve controls most of the eye muscles |
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Term
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Definition
The oculomotor nerve also controls the constriction of the pupils and thickening of the lens of the eye. This can be tested in two main ways. By moving a finger towards a person's face to induce accommodation, as well as them going cross-eyed, their pupils should constrict.
Shining a light into their eyes should also make their pupils constrict. Both pupils should constrict at the same time, independent of what eye the light is actually shone on. |
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Term
| What could cause paralysis of the CN III? |
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Definition
Oculomotor nerve palsy
* direct trauma,
* demyelinating diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis),
* increased intracranial pressure (leading to uncal herniation)
o due to a space-occupying lesion (e.g. brain cancer) or a
o spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (e.g. berry aneurysm), and
* microvascular disease, e.g. diabetes. |
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Term
The Optic Nerve
Why is it different? |
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Definition
| The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived from an outpouching of the diencephalon during embryonic development. Consequently, the fibres are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes rather than the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system and are encased within the meninges. Therefore the distinction of nerve is technically a misnomer, as the optic system lies within the central nervous system and nerves exist, by definition, within the peripheral nervous system. Therefore peripheral neuropathies like Guillain-Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. |
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Term
| What muscle opens the eye? |
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Definition
| levator palpebrae superioris m |
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Term
| What nerve closes the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fascia of the eyeball from the sclera to the optic nerve posteriorly. |
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Term
What makes up the suspensory ligament
of the eyeball. |
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Definition
A blending of the medial and lateral check ligaments with the fascia of the inferior rectus and
inferior oblique muscles forms a hammock-like sling |
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Term
| What are the extra ocular muscles? |
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Definition
Superior rectus –
Inferior rectus –
Lateral rectus –
Medial rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Levator Palbebrae |
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Term
| What is the tendinous annulus? |
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Definition
| The medial and lateral, superior and inferior rectus muscles all originate from a tendinous anulus at the apex of the orbit. |
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Term
| What is the pathway of the superior oblique m.? |
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Definition
A-Originates from the sphenoid bone near the annulus.
B- Its tendon passes through a fibrous pulley (trochlea) and then courses backward to insert on the postero-lateral quadrant of the superior surface of the globe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eyeball sinking into the orbit |
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Term
What surrounds the orbit?
What happens in a blowout fracture? |
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Definition
The orbit is surrounded by spaces –
A- the ethmoidal air cells
B- The large maxillary sinus
attack the weakest points – the boundary between the orbit and the maxillary sinus.
i- called a blow-out fracture
ii- orbital contents forced into maxillary sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood accumulating in anterior chamber of the eye due to trauma. |
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Term
| What are the bones of the orbit? |
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Definition
7 bones.
The roof -
A- frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
The medial wall
A- largely composed of the ethmoid bone and a smaller lacrimal bone.
B- Thin and easily pierced.
The anterior wall
A- composed of the zygomatic bone and the maxillary bone
The floor
A- formed by the maxillary bone, with a small contribution from the palantine bone. |
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Term
| Foramina and Fissures of the Orbit |
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Definition
3- The roof - .
B- Supra-orbital notch, (foramen), on the superior border for the supra-orbital artery and the supra-orbital nerve, which is a terminal branch of the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve.
C- Laterally there is a fossa for the lacrimal gland.
4- The medial wall
C- Two foramina communicate the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves that are branches of the nasocilary nerve.
6- The floor
B- An infra-orbital groove communicates the maxillary branch (V2 ) of the trigeminal nerve. The nerve will exit onto the surface through the infra-orbital foramen as the infra-orbital nerve.
7-At the apex of the pyramid are 3 openings
A- The optic canal for the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
B- The superior orbital fissure that connects the orbit to the middle cranial fossa. The fissure provides the entry for the ophthalmic vein, CNs III, IV, and VI and the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve.
C- The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa posteriorly and is the opening for the maxillary branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve which then enters the infra-orbital groove. The fissure is largely covered by the orbitalis muscle (of Muller). |
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Term
| What is the pathway for the innervation of the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| Pre-ganglion is located in the inferior salivatory nucleus. The axon exits the IX nerve (Glossopharyngeal nerve) and goes through the jugular foramen. It then courses to the Otic Ganglion where it synapses with a post-ganglionic neuron. This post-gang neuron enters the auriculo temporal branch of V3 to reach the gland. |
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Term
| What happens to the post-ganglionic cells are severd during a parotidectomy? |
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Definition
They regenerate on the face and as they grow they innervate sweat glands.
The patient will therefore exhibit sweating upon eating. Instead of salivating the patient will sweat. FREY's Syndome |
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Term
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Definition
| The patient will therefore exhibit sweating upon eating. Instead of salivating the patient will sweat. FREY's Syndome |
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