Term
| T or f, NMDA receptor antagonists block LTP in the hippocampus & block spatial learning. LTP does NOT equal the physiological correlate of memories. |
|
Definition
| T, LTP is a mechanism for altering the function of neural circuits in response to changes in the environment |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ plays a role in social behaviors such as aggression, fear, anger, facial recog, social hierarchy. |
|
Definition
| Amygdala, and can also increase HR, BP, HPA |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is long term potentiation, an increase in EPSP in response to single stimuli of similar strength, induced by: high freq stim of the same connection or pairing with a strong associative impulse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During LTP, depolarization of the post-synaptic cell drives Mg2+ ions out of the ion channel of the NMDA receptor, allowing Ca2+ entry into the post synaptic cell. How does this lead to LTP? |
|
Definition
| Calcium induces the creation of more AMPA receptors in the post-syn allowing higher sensitivity to glutamate. |
|
|
Term
| All cortical regions, include hippos and amyg, receive inputs from the basal forebrain cholinergic system; the loss of which is the hallmark of which disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons exposed to steroid hormornes can increase dendrites and shape dendritic function. How does estrogen and glucose differ? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen increases dendritic spines and LTP with stim in hippo, chronic Glucos lead to dendritic and synaptic atrophy in hippo leading to memory defecits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acquired syndrome of decline in memory and at least 1 other cognitive function (e.g., language) sufficient to affect daily life, not explainable by delirium or other mental disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following genes are auto dom for dementia - Presenilin, APP, Apolipoprotein E-4. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using the internet helps the brain only if the task is new. What are some steps to improve memory including diet? |
|
Definition
| Sleep, stress, diet, exercise, Vitamin E, Anti-Inflamms, Anti-oxi, alcohol, caffeine, statins, ginko, curcumin, cholinergic drugs, memantine, anti-amyloids |
|
|
Term
| What ist he diff btw stupor and coma? |
|
Definition
| Stupor is only responsive to painful stim, coma is unresponsive |
|
|
Term
| What is important in the brain for a coma? |
|
Definition
| Malfunctioning rreticular activating system |
|
|
Term
| The Glasgow coma score assesses coma, what is a low score correlative with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of testing the Dolls eyes response? |
|
Definition
| Test integrity of brainstem from medulla to midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| In metabolic coma if pupils are small or large what is indication? |
|
Definition
| Small is opiate OD, large is TCA or amphetamine OD |
|
|
Term
| What should you do in a coma patient with suspectged herniation? |
|
Definition
| Mannitol osmotic diuretic, hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| In what patient pop is delirium most prevalent? |
|
Definition
| ICU patients with an average duration of 7-10 days |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are physio causes of delirium - excess Ach, excess DA, hypoperfusion, inflammatory process. |
|
Definition
| All except there is too little Ach in neurotrans |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for delirium neurophysiologic testing? |
|
Definition
| EEG although high false negs and false pos |
|
|
Term
| There are many tests for delirium and severity which test is >90 sensitive/spec? |
|
Definition
| CAM - confusion assess method |
|
|
Term
| With delirium antipsychotics are used, when are benzos used? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol withdrawal, akathisia, however most times makes delirium worse causing NMS, hypotension, arry |
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the following personality disorder - pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the five factors -neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness- heritable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are in the A,B,C cluster disorders - psychosis, substance misuse, sociopath, depression, anxiety, somatoform, eating disorders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or f, Only gross hormonal abnormalities affect sexual orientation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the amygdale is stimd when females and males see emotional images? |
|
Definition
| Left females, right males |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of declarative memory and what part of brain used? |
|
Definition
| Episodic(memories) and semantic(facts) used in hippo and medial temporal |
|
|
Term
| What is diff btw anterograde and retrograde amnesia? |
|
Definition
| Antero is cant form new declarative memories after incident, rerto is before |
|
|
Term
| Name the gene that is auto dom, encodes a multifunctional Ras-GAP(inactivates Ras), causes benign tumors, and associated with cognitive defectits. |
|
Definition
| NF1, neurofibromatosis type 1 |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the NF1 gene affects hippocampal learning and working memory. |
|
Definition
| NF1 ups Ras/MAPK, ups GABA, =decreased hippo plasticity; NF1 ups Ras/MAPK in prefrontal cortex, ups GABA, hypoactive PFC, =dfecits |
|
|
Term
| What drug helps reduce the activation of Ras/MAPK in NF1 patients? |
|
Definition
| Statins, which help with some cog defecits, not others |
|
|
Term
| How does tuberous sclerosis affect hippocampal learning? |
|
Definition
| Up mTOR signal which lowers threshold for L-LTP; however, Rapamycin blocks it |
|
|
Term
| Abeta protein seen in amyloid angiopahty in AD is a cleavage product of APP seen on which chrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fronto-temporal-lobar degeneration disease includes dementia and apahasia and is mapped to chrome 17, but what 3 proteins are important in this disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name this dementia - fronto-temporal, aphasia, parksinoism aspects, associated with Pciks bodies (aggregated tau protein). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name this dementia - parkinsonism with dementia and hallucinations caused by a-synuclien defect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the auto dom huntingtons gene have on chrome 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elderly pop is growing fastest and what sex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is diff btw normalcy and normality? |
|
Definition
| Normalcy is free from disease, normality is average progression of health |
|
|
Term
| What is diff btw primary and secondary aging? |
|
Definition
| Primary is gene determines, seoncdary is socioenviornmental |
|
|
Term
| T or f, cortex thins in aging due to loss of synaptic connections not neuron loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Perivascular cuffing, intranuclear inclusions, and neuronophagia is seen in what type of encephlalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following predispose a patient to brain abcess: congential heart disease, otits media, metastatic infection from heart and lungs, trauma, skull abnormality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by oligodendroglial viral inclusions with effacement of normal chromatin, large bizarre astrocytes, papova virus on stain. |
|
Definition
| PML- destroys white matter |
|
|
Term
| What type of prion disease has rapid dementia, ataxia, myoclnus, characteristic EEG, spongiform change, neuron loss, gliosis? |
|
Definition
| CJD - Crutzfeldt-Jackob Disease |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of mental health survey inregards to acceptability? |
|
Definition
| More people accept biological cause but increase social rejection |
|
|
Term
| Human circadian rhythym is determined by __________ a pigment that stimulates retinal ganglin cells which project ot the __________________ which is our biological clock. |
|
Definition
| Melanopsin, suprachiasmatic nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| T or F, The human Per3 gene is mapped to our circadian rhytyms of gene expression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is a nueroendocrine structure the regulates our bodies endocrine functions including the HPA, melatonin from pineal gland, insulin, and more; a defect in which can put us at risk for CVD, T2DM, cognitive disorders, and more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the physiological changes that occur during REM sleep. |
|
Definition
| Autonomic storm (HR, Rresp, boner variations) muscle paralysis, eye moves, low amplitude desynched EEG. |
|
|
Term
| How does temp, GH release, and cortisol release change with sleep? |
|
Definition
| Temp drops, GH spikes, sortisol spikes |
|
|
Term
| What are some consequences of muscle paralysis during sleep? |
|
Definition
| Tongue will relax and obstruct upper airway, neonatal breathing difficulty |
|
|
Term
| What are the long term sequlea in the brain of obstructive sleep apnea? |
|
Definition
| Grey matter loss in cerebellum and hippo leading to short-term memory defecits |
|
|
Term
| T or F, Heart failure patients also show substantial brain injury, possibly resulting from hypoxic damage during apneic periods of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in sleep. |
|
Definition
| True, damage to the insular cortex can also damage sympathetic regulation, causing high tone output and hypertension |
|
|
Term
| T or f, Enhanced brain injury in Type II diabetics with OSA injuring areas influencing hypothalmus over OSA patients without diabetes (T2 relaxation time). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do depressed patients not sleep as much? |
|
Definition
| Circadian rhythyms influenced and body temp doesnt get low enough. |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is quiet sleep maintained in and what par tis REM? |
|
Definition
| Basal forebrain (thalamus), dorsolateral pons |
|
|
Term
| What is conversion disorder or la belle indifference? |
|
Definition
| A somatoform disorder where voluntary sensory or motor symptoms arise after an acute stressor. Not intentional but subconscious |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain have reduced cerebral blood flow during conversion disorder? |
|
Definition
| Contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Which patients have greater activation of the anterior insula and thus are more prone to interoceptive driven pain - axiety prone, false feedback of interoceptive mismatcha, or high expectation of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the brain are intergral in the microbe influenced-serotonin rich interoceptive pathways? |
|
Definition
| Anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; microbe induced signaling can create anxiety like behavior |
|
|
Term
| T or f, Individuals who perform better on interoceptive awareness task show increased grey matter volume in frontoinsular region. |
|
Definition
| T; also, note how physical pain and emotional pain activate similar areas in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual treatment of panic disorders? |
|
Definition
| CBT plus SSRIs or benzos |
|
|
Term
| What is diff btw OCD and OCD personality disorder? |
|
Definition
| OCD is unwanted, OCPD is in line with beliefs of perfectionism |
|
|
Term
| There is a high correltaiton of OCD with depression so what is treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gene is dysfunctional in narcolepsy? |
|
Definition
| mutation in orexin-2 R gene |
|
|
Term
| How many people exposed to traumatic events have PTSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the brain experiences reduced reduced volume and neuronal death due to the high cortisol seen in PTSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All successful tx of PTSD involve _________ to trauma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since CBT is the staple in PTSD what is meds used? |
|
Definition
| SSRIs, beta blockers for arousal symptoms, a1 blockers for nightmares |
|
|
Term
| T or f, Inflammatory cytokines increase depression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress/social inhib and sleep deprivation/depression has shown to increase inflammation, reduce the bodies ability to fight disease, and increase CVD. What two mediators are the cuase of this physio cycle? |
|
Definition
| CRH and NOR from CRH neurons and the Locus ceruleus in the brain induces cortisol and NOR release and stims sympathetic drive |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following predispose you to somatoform disorders - woman, bad parents, low intelligence, rural growth, physical.sexual abuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or f, Conversion disorders and neurological disorders often coexist. |
|
Definition
|
|
