Term
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Definition
bright-field, phase-contrast, Nomarski differential-interference contrast, dark-field microscopy |
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Term
(5) TEM specimens must be stained using... |
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Definition
heavy metal atoms, such as osmium, lead, uranium, tungsten and gold |
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Term
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Definition
binds to double bonds between carbon atoms in lipids |
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Term
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Definition
binds to nucleic acids, so stains nucleoli, ribosomes, and chromatin |
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Term
%protein vs. lipid in... myelin? |
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Definition
80% lipid, 20% protein by weight |
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Term
%protein vs. lipid in... inner mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
75% protein, 25% lipid by weight |
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Term
(2) Peripheral proteins normally regulate... |
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Definition
ion channels and cell signaling |
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Term
(3) Integral proteins normally function as... |
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Definition
membrane receptors and transport proteins, and to attach cells to each other/extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
a protein with several transmembrane proteins arranged to form a pore across the cell membrane |
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Term
(2) oligosaccharides are important in... |
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Definition
cell-cell recognition, e.g. immunology and embryonic development |
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Term
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex |
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Definition
mutation in keratin genes, resulting in epidermal cells easily fracturing and causing blistering. (damages desmosomes) |
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Term
Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes link to the extracellular matrix via... |
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Definition
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Term
Focal adhesions / hemidesmosomes anchor to... |
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Definition
actin / intermediate filaments |
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Term
(2) What closes / opens connexons? |
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Definition
Closes - high pH or low Ca2+, opens - low pH or high Ca2+ |
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Term
(3) SER is plentiful in... |
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Definition
1) cells producing cholesterol -> steroid hormones, 2) cells that detoxify drugs, and 3) in muscle cells, where calcium is sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing relaxation of myofibrils and vice versa |
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Term
(3) Free polyribosomes translate proteins of the... |
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Definition
cytosol, nuclei, and mitochondria |
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Term
(5) RER ribosomes translate proteins of... |
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Definition
plasma membrane, Golgi, lysosomes, ER, cell exterior |
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Term
What can be made by both RER and free ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
(3) Posttranslational entry |
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Definition
entry of proteins translated on cytosolic ribosomes into mitochondria, perosixomes and nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
protein folding site; oligosaccharides added |
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Term
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Definition
alpha helix which ensures that transmembrane segments of translated proteins in ER are correctly positioned within the ER membrane |
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Term
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Definition
hold proteins and lipids; exit the ER and enter the cis-Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
transport material from cis to trans |
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Term
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Definition
catalyze the fusion of vesicles to the appropriate membranes |
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Term
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Definition
attached to target membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
function in the ER cisterna, but often are packaged in vesicles because they are soluble. A rentention signal allows them to attach to receptors in the Golgi cisterna to be returned via retrograde COP-I vesicles, which also return membrane to the ER. |
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Term
What directs proteins to their appropriate vesicles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
signal-mediated diversion to secretory vesicles, signal-mediated diversion to lysosomes, secretion via the constitutive secretory pathway |
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Term
Regulated secretory pathway |
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Definition
Golgi products (such as insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas) are stored in secretory vesicles which are released rapidly in response to hormonal or neural stimuli |
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Term
constitutive secretory pathway |
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Definition
Golgi products are immediately discharged at the cell surface for production of the extra cellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
a gel of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in which fibrous proteins are embedded |
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Term
(4) embedded fibrous proteins in the ECM |
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Definition
fibronectin, laminin, collagen, elastin |
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Term
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Definition
attaches fibroblasts to the ECM |
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Term
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Definition
to attach epithelium to basal lamina |
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Term
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Definition
a parasite which prevents vacuoles from fusing with lysosomes; uses phagocytosis to enter cells. |
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Term
(2) what causes the clathrin pit to pinch off as a coated vesicle in receptor-mediated endocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
End product of receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
contains proteases, lipases, phosphatases with optimal activity at ph=5, maintained by ATP-driven proton pumps |
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Term
what protects lysosomal enzymes against autolytic protease digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
How do lysosomes digest things? |
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Definition
Molecules via receptor-mediated endocytosis, cells and cell fragments via phagocytosis, old cell components from their own cells via autophagy. Lysosomal enzymes break down their substrates into amino acids, sugars and nucleotides which then enter the cytosol via transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane. |
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Term
What is a lysosome's defining enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to lysosomal enzymes when golgi vesicles containing them fuse with the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
What happens when golgi vesicles containing lysosomal enzymes fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents? |
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Definition
Lysosomal enzymes attach to the M6P receptor and re-enter the cell when it is endocytosed. |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of enzyme which phosphorylates mannose = no targeting of enzymes to lysosomes. Substrates (mucolipids and mucopolysaccharides) build up in cytosol causing coarse facial features, mental retardation and skeletal abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
absence of lysosomal enzyme Hexoaminidase A results in build-up of gangliosides in the brain -> mental retardation, blindness, and death by early childhood in the infantile version of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
Single membrane surrounding a granular matrix. Creates hydrogen peroxide, breaks down hydrogen peroxide, inactivates toxic molecules by oxidizing them using hydrogen peroxide, break down fatty acids. Abundant in liver. |
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Term
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Definition
Build-up of toxins in cytosol results from poor coduction of enzymes to peroxisomes. Hepatomegaly and high levels of iron and copper in the blood stream result, often fatal in infancy. |
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Term
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy |
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Definition
Very long chain fatty acids cannot be broken down in peroxisomes, resulting in a build-up in the brain. This destroys myelin sheaths and causes a deficiency of adrenal steroid hormones in the adrenal glands. = Lack of the degradative proteins needed for beta-oxidation to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme by which peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ATP synthases which extend into the matrix |
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Term
(5) mitochondrial matrix contains... |
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Definition
enzymes for Krebs cycle and for oxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate. Also ribosomes, tRNAs and mitochondrial DNA. |
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Term
mitochondrial site where protons accumulate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH |
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Term
2 pyruvate -> 2 acetyl-CoA occurs where and yields what |
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Definition
mitochondrial matrix, 2CO2 and 2 NADH |
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Term
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Definition
site in electron-transport respiratory chain at which O2 and water are formed |
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Term
oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP driven by the flow of protons across the IMM |
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Term
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Definition
4CO2, 2GTP, 6 NADH (and 2FADH2 after 2 turns) |
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Term
total mitochondrial yield |
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Definition
30-38 molecules of energy (ATP and GTP) per glucose molecule |
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Term
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Definition
prevents mitochondrial proteins (which are coded by nuclear genes and translated on cytosolic polyribosomes) from folding, and is necessary for the import of these proteins into the mitochondria. |
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Term
(4) Import of mitochondrial proteins requires |
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Definition
signal sequence, hsp70 chaperone protein, proton gradient across IMM and ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
mtDNA, maternal inheritance in humans, lacks histones. circular double helix in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic protein synthesis is sensitive to this, but prokaryotic and mitochondrial is not. |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic protein synthesis is insensitive to this, but mitochondrial and prokaryotic is sensitive. |
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Term
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Definition
are smaller than cytosolic ribosomes, affecting antibiotic efficacy. |
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Term
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Definition
caused by mutations in mtDNA - some fine, some damaged. cell damage or death results if too many are damaged. |
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Term
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy |
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Definition
CGU->CAU = arginine->histidine in NADH dehydrogenase, inactivating the enzyme. ATP formation is blocked in many mitochondria of optic nerve cells, causing them to die -> blindness (maternally inherited) |
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Term
microtubules in the cilia are stable or dynamic? |
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Definition
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Term
alpha is +/-? beta is +/-? |
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Definition
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Term
vinblastine and vincristine |
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Definition
drugs which depolymerize microtubules |
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Term
What is F-actin formed from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
site of de novo synthesis of F-actin. contains two Actin Related Proteins. Pre-existing F-actin is polymerized during normal movements of cells like fibroblasts. |
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Term
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Definition
a bacteria which polymerizes actin to get to a host's cytoplasm and cause food poisoning. |
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Term
2 structures with actin inside |
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Definition
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Term
(3) actin-binding proteins |
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Definition
fimbrin (bundles them together), filamin (cross-links them), gelsolin (fragments them) |
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Term
myosin moves toward which end of actin microfilaments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intermediate filaments which occur in the nucleus. lamins A, B, and C are phosphorylated in late G2, causing breakdown of the nuclear lamina. |
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Term
motor molecules associated with microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
another word for centriole |
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Definition
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Term
what kind of enzyme is dynein? |
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Definition
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Term
what connects subdoublets in cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a group of protein filaments the end in a circular motor, the rotor. an intermembrane proton pump fuels the rotor, pushing protons past the filaments to rotate them. |
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Term
(3) each chromosome consists of specialized DNA for |
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Definition
the centromere, the telomeres, and the replication origins of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous layer (intermediate filaments) inside the inner nuclear membrane. disperses when lamins are phosphorylated in late G2 and early prophase; reappears in telophase |
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Term
nuclear pores are made up of proteins called |
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Definition
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Term
nuclear transport protein complex |
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Definition
binds to proteins over 40,000 daltons that need to cross into the nucleus and transports them. a similar process drives export of ribosomal subunits, tRNA and mRNA back into the cytoplasm. |
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Term
nucleopores have a high/low rate of bidirectional transport |
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Definition
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Term
nucleolar organizing regions |
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Definition
10 groups of rRNA genes which are are located on both homologs of 5 chromosomes (200 total) |
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Term
which rna polymerase makes pre-rRNA subunits? |
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Definition
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Term
ribosomes are formed in the nucleolus or the cytosol? |
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Definition
cytosol - the subunits are made in the nucleolus, but they don't come together until the start of translation in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lengthy G1-type phase for cells that are not actively dividing |
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Term
In late G2, a __________________ causes widespread phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
phosphorylation of _________ causes chromosome condensation and this does what? |
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Definition
histones; stops transcription |
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Term
what drives polymerization of MTs to form the mitotic spindle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
aster MTs, overlapping MTs, kinetochore MTs |
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Term
when is a chromatid a chromosome? |
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Definition
when the chromatids separate at the metaphase/anaphase transition |
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Term
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Definition
kinetochore MTs depolymerize, pulling the chromatids apart |
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Term
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Definition
sliding occurs between overlapping MTs, pushing apart the poles. astral MTs contribute at the cell periphery (the minus end) |
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Term
during telophase, the nucleolus is formed from |
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Definition
10 small nucleoli at the sites of rRNA genes |
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Term
what forms a contractile ring during cytokinesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
endonucleases and macrophages |
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Term
(4) similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
membrane structure, DNA structure, the genetic code and some metabolic pathways |
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Term
(5) differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
p's are smaller and unicellular. they have no organelles or cytoskeletal components. p's have a nucleiod. |
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Term
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Definition
region of DNA in prokaryotes that has no nuclear envelope or organization |
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Term
(6) how are specimens prepared for TEM and LM? |
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Definition
fixed in buffered, isotonic fixative like glutaraldehyde. washed in buffer, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in plastic |
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Term
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Definition
used for nuclear DNA only |
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Term
sodium and glucose symports occur where? |
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Definition
only the apical surface of intestinal endothelium. glucose passes by passive transport at the basolateral surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
links cadherins to actin filaments |
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Term
what removes signal sequences? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
oligosaccharides extending from proteins in the cell membrane, creating a sugary coat |
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Term
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Definition
lysine-aspartate-glutamate-leucine ER retention signal for ER resident proteins at their carboxyl ends |
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Term
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Definition
"little drinking" = non-selective uptake of extracellular material |
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Term
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Definition
mother's stuff going to her baby (early endosomes are sorting stations) |
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Term
example of endocytosed stuff staying in the cytosol |
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Definition
yolk nutrients (early endosomes are sorting stations) |
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Term
mtDNA lacks ___________ and is replicated throughout ___________. the universal code varies how? |
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Definition
histones, interphase. UGA -> tryptophan |
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Term
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Definition
protein Translocator on Outer/Inner Mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
intermediate filament structure |
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Definition
2 monomers wrap -> dimer, 2 dimers of opposite polarity w/ noncovalent bonds stagger -> tetramer, 8 tetramers! w/ noncovalent bonds |
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Term
cytoplasmic intermediate filaments |
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Definition
keratin in epithelium, neurofilaments in nerve cells, vimentin in CT, muscle and neuroglia |
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Term
Z lines have which types of cytoskeletal help? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
premature aging in children due to mutations of proteins of the nuclear lamins |
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Term
what energy form is required for microtubule growth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
excessive assembly of tubulin = anti-cancer drug |
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Term
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Definition
excessive disassembly drug with bad side effects, so not used for cancer like vincristine and vinblastine |
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Term
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Definition
can slide actin filaments relative to each other, unlike myosin-I. (is important in cytokinesis and muscle contractions. myosin-I is in all cells) |
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Term
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Definition
kinesin defect in retinal cells |
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Term
herpes uses _________ to move along microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhibits kinesin movement in axons and therefore anterograde transport of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
mutations cause deafness in mammals |
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Term
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Definition
sense and signal - do not move. defects -> polycystic kidney disease -> overproduction of kidney cells. |
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Term
where is the Na-K pump located in gut epithelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
using fluorescently-labelled antibodies to identify specific molecules |
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Term
peripheral heterochromatin |
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Definition
darker than euchromatin in rest of interphase nucleus |
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