Term
List/Define characteristics of an ideal tumor marker
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Definition
1. Specific for a cancer type
2. Concentration correlates with tumor mass
3. Released from tumor into blood or urine
4. Has short half-life
5. Can indicate tumor presence before the presence of symptoms.
6. Sensitive enough to detect presence of small tumors or changes in tumor mass
7. Presence, absence, or concentration may be used as a prognostic indicator.
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Term
| Describe the utility of tumor marker determination as a screening tool and prognosis factor |
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Definition
| Hitter: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Useful in monitoring, screening, and staging of prostate cancer. Serum concentration correlates with specific characteristics of cancer development. |
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Term
Describe the utility of tumor marker determination as a recurrence indicator and as a method for monitoring chemotherapy
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Term
| Define the basic process of carcinogenesis |
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Definition
| Series of mutations... 1) Mutation inactivates tumor suppressor gene--> Cells proliferate 2) Mutation inactivates tumor repair gene 3) Mutation of proto-oncogene creates an ONCOGENE 4) Mutation inactivates several more tumor suppressor genes 5) Ultimately, these result in cancer |
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Term
Discuss the use of serum enzyme activity as a tumor marker.
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Definition
| Tumors may hyper-express these enzymes -Alkaline Phosphatase (liver, bone, GI) -Creatine Kinase |
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Term
Discuss the utility of Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) as a serum enzyme tumor marker
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Definition
| PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) Exclusively produced by epithelial cells lining prostatic tissue. |
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Term
Discuss the use of serum hormone concentration as a tumor marker
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Definition
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Term
| Define the use of cellular hormone receptor density as a tumor marker. |
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Definition
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Term
Discuss the utility of estrogen and progesterone receptor density for breast cancer
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Definition
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Term
Define the use of oncofetal antigens as tumor markers. Discuss the use of alpha-feto protein, carcino embryonic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen
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Definition
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Term
Describe the use of cellular carbohydrates as tumor markers. Discuss the use of CA-125, CA15-3, and CA19-9
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Definition
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Term
Define the use of genetic changes as tumor markers. Discuss the use of the ras-oncogene as p21 tumor suppressor gene.
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Definition
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Term
List some of the other substances which can be used as tumor markers.
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Definition
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Term
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) a) Specificity (eg. Indicative of what cancer types) b) Sensitivity c) Utility/relevance to tumors |
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Definition
| a) Specific for colon and liver cancers (most commonly), other cancers as well, also for Crohn's Disease and IBS. b) not so sensitive c) Chemotherapy progress indicator; Effective chemotherapy should drive CEA levels down over time. |
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