Term
| What type of nerves innervate the bladder? |
|
Definition
| somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
What type of nerves innervate the internal urinary sphincter?
What type of muscle? |
|
Definition
sympathetic nerves
smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
What type of nerves innervate the external sphincter?
What type of muscle?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the filling of the bladder cause in terms of nervous effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two types of incontinence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of incontinence is caused by inabilty to close the urinary sphincter when the bladder is filling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of incontinence is caused by detrusor muscle over activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you treat stress incontience (4)? |
|
Definition
pelvic therapy
alpha agonists
estrogen
surgery |
|
|
Term
| How can urge incontinence be treated (2)? |
|
Definition
behavior modification
anti-cholenergics |
|
|
Term
| What does tubularinterstitium disease cause when it damages the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does tubularinterstitial disease cause when the distal tubule is damages (4)? |
|
Definition
inabilty to concentrate urine
metabolic acidosis from inability to create H gradient
hyperkalemia
Na wasting |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of calculi in order of most common to least common? |
|
Definition
Calcium oxalate/phosphate
Uric acid
Struvite
Cystine |
|
|
Term
What is the most common bacteria that causes struvite stones?
What is a less common cause?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions are often risk factors for developing Calcium stones? (4) |
|
Definition
hypocitraturia
hyperoxaluria
hyperuricouria
hypercalciuria |
|
|
Term
| What location are the stones if there is flank pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment options for Calcium stones? (4) |
|
Definition
decreases calcium intake
thiazides
increase water intake
decrease sodium intake |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for uric stones? (3) |
|
Definition
low urine pH
low urine flow
Gout
|
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic of the uric stone under a microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for a uric acid stone? (5) |
|
Definition
decrease purine intake
Potassium citrate
increase the fluids
acetazolamide
allopurinol |
|
|
Term
| What sex are struvite stones most common in and why? |
|
Definition
| female due to shorter urethra |
|
|
Term
| What pH is a red flag for struvite stone formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the struvite stones look like under a microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for struvite stones? |
|
Definition
lithotrysy
must get rid of all stones or infection will return |
|
|
Term
| What is the inheritince pattern for cystine stones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances have their reabsorption impaired in the proximal tubule of the cystine stone disease? |
|
Definition
COAL
Cystine
Ornithine
Arginine
Lysine |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between cysteine and cystine? |
|
Definition
| cystine is a dimer of cysteine |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for cystine stones? (4) |
|
Definition
increase fluid intake
alkaline the urine
sodium restriction
captopril to bind cysteine |
|
|
Term
| What pH do cystine stones form at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the cystine stone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the kidney is the defect in the absorption thus forming cystine stones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pH do uric acid stones have the least solubility in? |
|
Definition
|
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