Term
| 301. In 1857 this U.S. Supreme Court decision effectively denied citizenship to African Americans by rejecting this person's claim to freedom. Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Roger Taney, gave the majority opinion: �slaveholders had the right totake human merchandise to any part of the union, and that this black man had no right to even bring suit.� The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was upheld and anti-slavery laws were held �unconstitutional.� This person had sued for his freedom because, although he was born a slave in Virginia, he was later taken to the free state of Illinois and the territory that became Minnesota. Monuments have been erected to memorialize the contributions of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the fugitive slave who brought the case before it. These monuments are located in Easton, a small town in Talbot County, Maryland. Name the case. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 302. This college was organized in Kentucky in 1858 with the motto: �God has made of one blood all nations of men� and on this foundation, the college was founded and dedicated for the coeducation of the races. Reverend John Gregg Fee of Kentucky, an antislavery leader, was mainly responsible for its founding. Fee was the son of a slaveholder and broke his relationships with his father for that reason In 1857, he proposed to the American Missionary Association the establishment of this college. Name the college. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 303. On September 13, 1858, college professor Simon M. Bushnell and two dozen black and white students stole black fugitive John Price from three U.S. marshals and swiftly sent him to safety in Canada. Bushnell and Charles Langston were tried and convicted for the crime. Where were the students and professor from? |
|
Definition
| Oberlin, Ohio, Oberlin University (referred to as the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue) |
|
|
Term
| 304. Twelve whites and 34 blacks attended an antislavery convention in Chatham, Canada in 1858. Here, they drew up a constitution for a nation of freed black Americans to be set up in the mountains of Virginia. The plan called for freeing enslaved black Americans and provoking a general uprising that would lead black Americans, free and enslaved, into the mountains from where they would fight. Who was elected commander- in-chief of the army that would bring about this uprising? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 305. Born in 1800, Clara Brown spent her first 57 years enslaved before she was freed after her owner's death. She moved West and settled in this state where she started a laundry business. After working hard for many years and investing in real estate, she became a successful businesswoman. When she died, she left an estate worth more than $10,000. She is one of this state�s most notable black women. Name the state where she settled and worked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 306. In 1859, this state entered the Union. It is still considered the only territory to enter the Union as a free state with a provision in its constitution that excluded black people. Name the state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 307. This African American was a physician, abolitionist, and co-founder of the North Star. He attended Harvard Medical School in 1850 and later urged African Americans to move to eastern Africa where they could build an independent society. He helped organize the first black National Emigration Convention in Cleveland, Ohio in 1854. He is called �the father of black nationalism�. In 1859, he traveled throughout Africa signing treaties with African kings to secure land for permanent settlements of blacks. His efforts to bring about major migration back to Africa failed. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 308. In 1859, the Clothilde was the last slave ship to stop at an American port. As many 130 Africans taken from a Tarkar village in West Africa were unloaded in this city. The Tarkars, led by Ka Zoola (Cudjoe Lewis) formed a village called Africa Town. Here, they kept their customs, names, and language. Cudjoe Lewis, the last of the originalTarkars, died in 1935. Name the city where they settled. |
|
Definition
| Mobile, (East Mobile) Alabama |
|
|
Term
| 309. This person planned to attack the federal arsenal at Harper�s Ferry, take over the town, distribute arms to enslaved African Americans, and spread the revolution throughout the South. His plan, put into operation in October, actually failed. He and his followers seized control of the federal arsenal but federal troops arrived the following day to regain control and capture this leader and many of his followers. His sons were killed and some of his followers were hanged for treason. This famous anti-slavery abolitionist also was hanged in the public square at Charlestown, Virginia. He remained completely calm during his ordeal. In fact, on his way to the gallows, he looked about the countryside and said �This is a beautiful country.� Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 310. The busiest Underground Railroad line started on the shore of this major river. Here, runaways from Virginia and Kentucky would cross the river and seek safety in the Cincinnati, Ohio area and in smaller communities such as Xenia or Ripley. They then could move through the state finding safe houses at Oberlin, for example, and then to Detroit or ports on Lake Erie such as Cleveland or Niagara Falls. In some spiritual songs, this river is referred to as the �Jordan� and across it was the �Promised Land.� Name the river. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 311. Many runaways from the South fled across the Ohio River and then north to a second major crossing point. Along the shores of this body of water, a group of abolitionists ran a series of �abolition boats� that took enslaved black runaways on a very risky trip to freedom in Canada. Fearless captains would undertake the voyages across the treacherous waters to find runaways. Runaways could pay for the crossing by working in the shipyards of Sandusky, Ohio. In the cold winters, runaways would take sleds across the frozen water to freedom. Name this body of water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 312. The United States produced 4 million bales of cotton in 1860. Four states together produced 3.5 million bales or 88% of the total. These states included Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana and what other state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘313. This state grew large amounts of cotton and rice and was the first to secede from the Union prior to the Civil War. This state declared itself an ‘‘independent commonwealth� on December 20, 1860. Name it.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 314. In 1860, what percentage of the African Americans in the United States lived in the South? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 315. Although the exact number of runaways will never be known, it is estimated that approximately 100,000 enslaved black people escaped to freedom using a network of trails and hiding places stretching from Canada to Mexico between 1825 and 1860. Enslaved black runaways started the network. Just prior to the Civil War, Ohio had the largest number of operators. Name this network. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 316. By 1860, this African American supervised the Chesapeake Marine Railroad and Dry Dock Company, the largest black shipyards in Baltimore and the nation. The shipyard formed after white ship caulkers went on strike to eliminate black caulkers and other black shipyard workers from working in the industry. This man organized the black caulkers and longshoremen and raised money from the community to organize this company. Name the man who organized this shipyard |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 317. At the time of the Civil War, this crop was grown primarily in the lowland regions of South Carolina and Georgia. During the Civil War decade, production there declined sharply and cultivation shifted west to Louisiana and Arkansas. Name this crop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 318. Between 1820-1860, the largest number of urban slaveholders was found in what city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 319. In 1860, almost 400,000 people in the United States owned slaves. Of these, about 11,000 owned 50 or more. However, about what percent of America�s slave owners owned fewer than 25? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 320. A British tourist traveling in the United States in 1860 described this city as �Here, They Buy Cotton, Sell Cotton, Think Cotton, Eat Cotton, Drink Cotton and Dream Cotton.� Name the city. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 321. This was one of the most common staple foods for enslaved Africans. In fact, they received a typical weekly ration of about a peck (16 pounds). They would generally mix it with salt and water and make pones, johnny cakes, dodgers, or hoecake. Name this food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 322. On April 30, 1860, a Spanish ship was stopped off the coast of Cuba and its illegal cargo of enslaved Africans seized by the U.S. Navy. Name this illegal slave ship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘323. At the time Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans took office, the nation was divided into ‘‘non-slave’’ and ‘‘slave’’ states. How many were there of each?’ |
|
Definition
| 18 non-slaveholding states in the North and 15 slaveholding states in the South |
|
|
Term
| 324. In many areas of the South prior to the Civil War, enslaved blacks met at places in swamps and bayous away from the plantations to worship. These secret services took place in �hush harbors� and worshippers sometimes hung wet quilts and rags to stifle the sound of their workshop. Their form of Christian worship was contradictory to the messages their owners taught. Some scholars had a name for these secret services. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 325. The growth of cotton production showed the importance of enslaved Africans in the American economy. In 1790, the United States produced only 3,000 bales of cotton. By 1860, it produced 4.8 million bales, prompting one Southerner to proclaim that �Cotton was King.� The cotton-growing states became known as the �Cotton Kingdom� because their economies were heavily dependent on the production of this crop. About what percentage of the world�s cotton crop was produced in the United States at that time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 326. Before the Civil War, about 60 percent of the cotton grown in the South was exported to two countries. Name them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 327. Between 1800 and 1860, it was hard for many politicians to dispute the importance of slavery in the production of this nation�s agricultural commodities and their direct influence on the growth and development of America. For example, between 1800 and 1860, cotton production doubled every _____ years. Also, cotton exports were worth ________ value of all other combined goods and crops exported by the United States. |
|
Definition
| 10 years; double (the value) of all others |
|
|
Term
| 328. Financing the slave system was not cheap. In fact, it was quite expensive. The capital came largely from Britain and the northern states. Like all commercial farmers, cotton growers of the Old South were always in debt, borrowing to meet this year�s living and operating expenses against next year�s crop. The demand for loans created a financing system stretching as far as New York City and London and linking northern and British money and textile companies with southern farmers and planters. Much of this financing business included merchants who were paid a fee or commission for a variety of services to planters, including loans, warehousing, and shipping. They even provided large loans to cover the first four or five costly years of plantation development. These services typically costs 20% to 25% of the crop in payment. By the 1850s, more than $100 million in cotton profits was annually paid to northern banks, giving the North a direct stake in preserving the slave-based cotton system of the South. Based on this complicated system of financing, what was the term used to describe the commission merchants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 329. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1860, the enslaved black population in the United States was about 4 million, of which less than 100 resided in the North. Five states in the South had enslaved black residents of more than 400,000. Name them. |
|
Definition
| Virginia (491,000), Georgia (462,000), Mississippi (437,000), Alabama (435,000), South Carolina (402,000) |
|
|
Term
| 330. Even as the geographic expansion of cotton farming occurred in the early 1800s, the demand for labor increased considerably and so did the number of slave owners. In fact, several historians noted that �slaveowning� had become the southern white�s version of the �American dream�. Between 1820 and 1860, the slave-owning population increased mostly among the ranks of the poor and middle income farmers. What was the numerical increase or percentage increase in slave-owner for this period? |
|
Definition
| from 200,000 in 1820 to about 400,000 in 1860 or 100% increase |
|
|
Term
| 331. By 1860, approximately 500,000 free blacks resided in the country--46 percent of them lived in the South and 44 percent in the North. They lived in highly industrialized urban centers. Which city had the largest number of free blacks at this time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 332. While the vast majority of slave owners owned few slaves, well over 50 percent of southern enslaved blacks who lived on plantations in this region were on plantations with 20 or more slaves. Name this special region. |
|
Definition
| Black belt (named for the richness of the soils as well as the concentration of enslaved blacks) |
|
|
Term
| 333. This white abolitionist was treasurer of the American Missionary Association (AMA). During his term in office, he provided considerable funds to fight slavery. He offered the services of the AMA to educate the black people of Fortress Monroe, Virginia. He funded a large number of other anti-slavery projects and activities. Name this abolitionist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 334. It is unknown how many enslaved blacks escaped from their slaveholders, and of these how many reached freedom? It is clear, however, that many runaways were caught and returned, and in almost every town in the South, there were slave patrols and special jails to hold runaways. Hunting down runaways was a business for many people, and some made a decent living breeding slave-hunting dogs for tracking down runaways. Historians disagree on the number of enslaved blacks who escaped, but believed that during the decade before the Civil War, this number of enslaved blacks may have escaped annually. What was this number? |
|
Definition
| As many as 50,000 each year (note that not all of them reached freedom) |
|
|
Term
| 335. Between 1825 and the end of the Civil War, this minister and his family sheltered more than 2,000 escaping enslaved black persons and helped them to freedom in Canada. Although slave catchers were always snooping around the town where he lived, this minister had an organized network of allies with numerous tricks to foil their pursuits. He had moved from Tennessee in 1815 to Ohio to fight against slavery since it had been outlawed by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. His home, high on a bluff above the Ohio River, had a beacon that shined in the night to light the way for escaping enslaved blacks across the river in Kentucky. There was a long, steep stairway that led from the Ohio River to his family home from which they could easily see who was approaching. This minister and one of his daring winter escapes are recalled in Harriet Beecher Stowe�s Uncle Tom�s Cabin. This minister devoted his life to abolishing slavery and actually lived to see slavery ended. He died at age ninety-three. His home is a state memorial. Name the minister and the town where you would find his �station� on the Underground Railroad. |
|
Definition
| Reverend John Rankin, located in Ripley, Ohio |
|
|
Term
| 336. Most enslaved blacks who escaped slavery were returned to their slaveholder and to slavery by white patrols. White patrols, supplemented by bloodhounds, constantly patrolled the roads for runaways. Jails were constructed to hold blacks without �freedom papers� until some white person claimed them. A runaway had a greater likelihood of finding freedom if he/she made it to a free state where the underground network of black and white abolitionists were available to help. Many �conductors� and �station masters� helped thousands of runaways as guides and owners of safe houses. Whites who helped runaways risked arrest, prison, and fines; free blacks risked being sent back into slavery. During the 1840s and 1850s, approximately how many enslaved blacks annually made it to freedom using the Underground Railroad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 337. This African American became a noted entrepreneur, inventor, and abolitionist. After purchasing his freedom, he settled in Ripley, Ohio where he established the Phoenix Foundry. In addition to being a successful businessman, he invented a number of products. He used some of his personal earnings to help more than 900 runaways on their way to freedom. His autobiography, His Promise Land, tells of his efforts to help enslaved Africans cross the Ohio River to freedom. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 338. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate troops fired on this fort located at a very important location. The Union surrendered two days later. The South then held the fort until February 17, 1865 and endured one of the longest sieges in modern warfare. Almost 46,000 shells, estimated at over 7 million pounds of metal, were fired at the fort during Union attacks. Name this fort and where it was located. |
|
Definition
| Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina |
|
|
Term
| 339. In May 1861, this Union General, a strong opponent of slavery, was placed in command of Fort Monroe in Virginia. After a large number of enslaved runaway blacks from the surrounding plantations came to the fort during the early stages of the Civil War, he refused to return them to their slave-owners. Prior to the war, enslaved blacks would, by law, be returned to their owners. This general, however, said that once Virginia seceded from the Union, it was now a �foreign� country and the former laws did not apply. He considered the slaves to be �contraband of war�. This became a new status for certain escaped slaves who came into Union possession. The actions of this general were strongly supported by abolitionists and Radical Republicans, but angered the South. John Fremont, commander of the Union Army followed this general�s lead and proclaimed that all enslaved blacks owned by Confederates in Missouri were free. President Lincoln asked Fremont to modify his order and when Fremont refused, he was replaced. Name the Union General at Fort Monroe who was the first to identify enslaved blacks seeking freedom in southern states as �contraband of war�. |
|
Definition
| General Benjamin F. Butler |
|
|
Term
| 340. Name and locate the four border states that remained with the Union during the Civil War, but still remained slaveholding states. |
|
Definition
| Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky |
|
|
Term
| 341. After two years in a theological seminary in Pennsylvania, this African American became pastor of a church in New York. He later returned to Pennsylvania, opened a school, and became, in 1844, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. In 1862, he was elected a bishop of the AME Church. He later served as President of Wilberforce University. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 342. On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed a law that ended slavery in this place. He was presiding over what was becoming America�s greatest tragedy. Elected in November 1860 and committed to saving the Union, he was in the midst of a war, some say, �before he was sworn in� because seven southern states had already seceded. His steadfast commitment to saving the Union carved a place for him in the history of this nation. To ensure that we don�t forget his contributions, the U.S. Congress approved a bill in 1910 to construct a memorial to commemorate his �saving the union.� It was signed by President William H. Taft in 1911. On Memorial Day, May 30, 1922, the memorial was dedicated and opened to the public, 57 years after Lincoln died. About 50,000 people attended the dedication ceremonies. Included among these were Civil War veterans, Robert Todd Lincoln, the president's only surviving son, President Warren Harding, former President William Howard Taft, and Dr. Robert Moton, a black man and principal of the Tuskegee Institute, who delivered the keynote address. Almost immediately, it became a symbol for civil rights supporters who still today see the grounds as sacred. Name where this memorial is located and where Lincoln signed a law ending slavery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 343. The Enlistment Act of July 17, 1862, provided that whites in the Union Army with the rank of private should receive $13 a month and $3.50 for clothing. What did African Americans of the same rank in the Union Army receive, respectively? |
|
Definition
| $7.00 a month and $3.00 for clothing |
|
|
Term
| 344. This black soldier of Company A, 3rd South Carolina Colored Troops, declared he would no longer serve as a soldier for $7 a month when white soldiers were paid $13. This soldier instructed his company to stack its arms before the captain�s tent and refuse to serve duty until they received the same pay. This black soldier paid a great price for this act of loyalty to principle, yet disloyalty to the government, by being court-martialed and, later, shot. He died a hero in the eyes of many black soldiers. Their differences in pay was corrected later. Name the soldier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 345. This African American was the first and only black to attain the rank of captain in the Union Navy during the Civil War. As a pilot of the armed Confederate ship, Planter, he along with eight black crewmen sailed the ship out of Charleston harbor (with his family and other fugitives on board), and turned it over as a prize of war to the Union Navy on May 13, 1862. Who was this Civil War hero? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 346. In 1862, two Quaker abolitionists from Philadelphia, Laura Towne and Ellen Murray, established a school on St. Helena Island off South Carolina�s coast to train blacks in agriculture and home economics. The school established the state�s first farming coop. The two women ran the school for forty years. Name the school. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 347. In February, 1862 Julia Ward Howe�s �Battle Hymn of the Republic� was published for the first time in the Atlantic Monthly. She was inspired to write the words after reviewing Union troops in a dress parade outside of Washington. All day long she had been hearing soldiers sing a song. She liked the melody, but thought very little of the words. That night, she got out of bed and wrote the new words we sing today to fit the existing music. The original words of the song, written anonymously, refers to the hanging of a noted abolitionist in 1859. Name the original song and the abolitionist it referred to. |
|
Definition
| �John Brown�s Body� and John Brown |
|
|
Term
| 348. On September 22, 1862, Abraham Lincoln issued an executive order declaring all slaves in rebel-held territories free as of January 1, 1863. Although the executive order changed the meaning of the war from �preserving the union� to be about �abolishing slavery,� technically, the order did not free a single slave. Enslaved blacks in the South were emancipated by an act of the federal government only when that territory was captured by Union armies. Name this executive order. |
|
Definition
| Emancipation Proclamation |
|
|
Term
| 349. This teenager escaped from slavery and joined the First South Carolina Volunteers whose soldiers she taught to read and write. She became an important nurse for this regiment and later wrote a book about her experiences. Name her. |
|
Definition
| Susie King (Susie King Taylor) |
|
|
Term
| 350. The first all-black volunteer regiment of the Civil War in the North was organized in 1863. Frederick Douglass and other notable blacks volunteered their time in recruiting blacks to serve in this regiment of the Union Army. Two sons of Frederick Douglass served with it. The regiment was subsequently sent to Georgia's Sea Islands where these soldiers were ordered to raid Confederate towns to demoralize the Southerners. Their commander was Col. Robert Gould Shaw, who volunteered for this command. He wanted his troops to engage regular military targets, and, in July 1863, they were ordered to charge Fort Wagner, a Confederate installation on Morris Island near Charleston, SC. After a day-long march and a difficult battle, about 40% of them were killed, including Col. Shaw. A bronze sculpture of Col. Shaw and his Infantry Regiment stands today in Boston�s Common Garden, across from the State House. Name this regiment that is honored with this memorial. |
|
Definition
| 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 351. This Union general awarded medals privately to African Americans who fought with him. He ordered the medal created to honor the sacrifice and courage of the black troops he commanded during the terrible battles of the Petersburg-Richmond campaigns in Virginia. The medal was never given official status, but during the Civil War, it is estimated that this general awarded about 200 such medals. Name the general who created and awarded the medals. |
|
Definition
| Major General Benjamin F. Butler |
|
|
Term
| 352. This former enslaved African American led a group of Union soldiers up the Combahee River in South Carolina where they destroyed plantations and liberated more than 800 enslaved black people. The guide also gave help to Union solders--scouting, providing information on the behavior of Southerners, locating food and other needs. She served the country by passing through the battle lines into the South to gain much-needed information to aid Union troops. She served as a nurse in the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina, caring for the sick and wounded without regard to color. She, too, traveled into enemy territory with Col. James Montgomery�s Union brigade during raids. Here, this woman made contact with the enslaved population on plantations and informed them of the purpose of the Union forces in the area. Name this remarkable woman, nurse, and invaluable scout of the Union army. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 353. Prior to the Civil War, this black woman had been sent by her employer, Elizabeth Van Lew to Philadelphia for schooling. When the Civil War began, she was called back home in Richmond to assist Van Lew in espionage work. Van Lew, a leader of Union supporters in Richmond, engaged in activities that were beneficial to Generals Grant and Butler. When this black woman returned to Richmond, she was placed in the �Confederate White House� as a servant of Jefferson Davis. Pretending to be illiterate, she read dispatches and orders, and even military troop movements and other pertinent plans of the Confederate army which she passed on to Van Lew through another spy. The information was subsequently relayed to Van Lew and then to General Grant. This black woman served undetected throughout the Civil War as a Union spy. Name this woman. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 354. This African American showed his bravery during the Civil War when Union forces attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston, S.C. For his actions, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor--the first African American to win this honor. Name him and his unit. |
|
Definition
| Sgt. William H. Carney; 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment |
|
|
Term
| 355. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued a presidential order that freed enslaved black people in the Confederate states. Some believe he did this to weaken the Confederacy as well as to generate favorable world opinion. Name the presidential order. |
|
Definition
| Emancipation Proclamation |
|
|
Term
| 356. This notable black woman rose to prominence by being the seamstress of Mary Todd Lincoln in the White House. She was highly regarded by the Lincoln family and she is said to have influenced President Abraham Lincoln toward a more positive position regarding the Negro race. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘357. In 1863, serious violence erupted after Congress passed the first draft law that forced young men into the military. The Conscription Act of March 3, 1863 also allowed a rich man to purchase his release from military service or hire a substitute for $300. Poor white demonstrators moved into the streets chanting ‘‘Rich man�s war, poor man�s fight.’’ Many of the poor whites also believed they were being forced to fight for blacks whose freedom would bring them into the city and threaten their jobs. Resentment was high and opposition to the law led to outright rioting, lynching, and arson in this city during four days in 1863. Starting on July 13 and lasting through July 16, the �draft riots� resulted in almost 100 people killed, several blacks lynched, and close to $2 million in property damage. It took several days for Lincoln to put down the rioting. When it was over, the draft riots of 1863 was recorded (at the time) as the worst civil disturbance in American history. Where did these draft riots occur?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 358. Milliken's Bend in Louisiana, Olustee in Florida, and Chaffin�s Farm in Virginia have what in common? |
|
Definition
| All were Civil War battles where all-black regiments fought with the Union. |
|
|
Term
| 359. African American Union soldiers fought fiercely in every battle they were engaged in because they feared they would be tortured or killed if captured by the Confederacy. They had learned a hard lesson in previous battles. When some Union black soldiers surrendered after a battle in Tennessee in April 1864, they were all killed. Name the battle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘360. On December 24, 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman sent a telegram to President Lincoln ‘‘giving’’ him this city as a Christmas gift. Sherman and his army troops had just captured the city, the second largest in the state, and a major supply center for the Confederacy. He captured weapons, ammunition, and 25,000 bales of cotton. He did not destroy the city since the Confederate soldiers had already left. Name the city and state where it is located.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘361. This regiment served a year without pay rather than accept discriminatory wages. These soldiers went into battle in Florida in 1864 singing ‘‘Three cheers for Massachusetts and seven dollars a month.’’ Name the regiment.’ |
|
Definition
| 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry Regiment |
|
|
Term
| 362. This black woman was a spy for many Union regiments. She also raised money and solicited gifts to distribute in the Union camps. She traveled to many states of the North raising money by singing and lecturing. In the fall of 1864, she journeyed from Battle Creek, Michigan to Washington, D.C. to visit President Lincoln. After meeting with Lincoln, she became active in teaching black people who were new arrivals in Washington. Later, she spent much of her time at Freedmen�s Hospital caring for black soldiers who were patients there. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 363. Proposed in January of 1865 and declared in effect as of December 18 of that year by Secretary of State William Seward, this Amendment to the Constitution forbid slavery in the United States saying: �Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been legally convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.� Name the amendment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 364. He was an ordained minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, MD and had done religious work in Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee before accepting a pastorate in Baltimore in 1860. During the Civil War, he helped recruit two black regiments in Maryland and served as chaplain of a black regiment. He opened a school for freed blacks in St. Louis before moving to Natchez, Mississippi in 1866. Here, he became a state senator and was chosen on January 20, 1870 by a majority legislative vote to represent Mississippi as the first black person ever to be a member of the U.S. Senate. He served the remainder of the term of former Confederate president Jefferson Davis. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 365. He was born into slavery near Farmville, Virginia, but escaped at the beginning of the Civil War. He lived in Hannibal, Missouri where he organized the state�s first school for blacks. After moving to Mississippi, he became a wealthy landowner with a 680-acre cotton plantation and involved in local politics, including superintendent of education in Bolivar County in 1871. In 1874, he became the second African American U.S. Senator and the first to serve a full term in the United States Senate. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘366. By the end of the Civil War, as many as thirteen black soldiers were cited for bravery in a battle that took place in Virginia on September 29, 1864. Each was honored with the prestigious Medal of Honor for personal acts of bravery considered ‘‘beyond the call of duty.’’ Many black soldiers were decorated because they took command after their white officers had been killed or wounded. Name the battle.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 367. On November 16, 1865 this large city in the South lay in ruins after months of shelling by Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops. Sherman's strategy was to destroy this city so that it could no longer be a major supply center for the Confederacy. It is reported that only about 400 houses and a few large buildings, most of them churches remained in the city. Name the city and the state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 368. During the Civil War 186,000 black soldiers served in the Union Army, This represented about what percent of all Union soldiers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the time of surrender (of the Civil War), April 9, 1865, the four-year-long war had cost the lives of more than __________ Americans, far and away the bloodiest and deadliest war in the nation�s history. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 369. About 12 percent of the North's entire free African population enlisted in the Union Army. What percent of all free black males, ages 18 to 45 in the North, enlisted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 370. She was born into slavery, but once free, went to public schools and attended a teacher's college in Rhode Island. In 1860, she enrolled in Oberlin College where she organized classes for former enslaved African Americans. When she graduated--the second black woman to receive a bachelor�s degree, she became the principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia. As principal, she became the first African American woman to head an institution of higher learning. Name her |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 371. After the Civil War, former enslaved African Americans were eager to make progress by becoming better educated, owning land, and holding political office. During this period, the U.S. Constitution was amended three times to address the rights of African Americans. What was this period of progress called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘372. This U.S. President vetoed the Freedmen�s Bureau bill, took land from free Africans in the Georgia Sea Islands and returned it to former slave owners, condemned the proposed 14th Amendment, and verbally attacked Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, white abolitionists in the U.S. Congress. Frederick Douglass said that he was ‘‘no friend of our race.’’ Name the U.S. President.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 373. This federal organization was given the responsibility of reconstructing the South. It spent $17 million and issued more than 20,000,000 food rations, established 50-100 hospitals, resettled more than 30,000 people, set up 4,330 schools, enrolled more than 247,000 students, established a number of black colleges, and provided homes and food for former enslaved blacks. It also represented freedmen in court. Name the organization. |
|
Definition
| Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees and Abandoned Lands (commonly referred to as Freedmen�s Bureau) |
|
|
Term
| 374. These two African Americans were the first to earn a Ph.D. The first was a priest and received his from the University of Louvain in Belgium in 1865. The other was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in the United States, when he was awarded the degree in physics from Yale University in 1876. Name these two individuals, respectively. |
|
Definition
| Father Patrick F. Healy and Edward A. Bouchet |
|
|
Term
| 375. This African American teacher decided to be a doctor, but was denied admission tomedical school. He became a dentist instead. He finally earned a medical degree in 1852. He practiced both medicine and dentistry in Boston and later decided to earn a law degree. Upon the retirement of Justice Taney from the U.S. Supreme Court, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts could wait no longer to introduce this lawyer to members of this body. On February 1, 1865, Sumner, accompanied by this black man, rose and addressed the Court, saying: �May it please the Court, I move that {name of person} a member of the Supreme Court of the State of Massachusetts, be admitted to practice as a member of this Court.� Chief Justice Chase, who was presiding, nodded his head in assent. In 1865, he became the first African American lawyer allowed to argue cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. Name this black person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 376. In 1865, this bank was specifically organized for blacks. It was chartered by the U.S. Government to encourage financial responsibility among newly free black people. The bank's headquarters was in New York City, with branches in 34 cities including Louisville, Nashville, Vicksburg, and New Orleans. The bank failed in 1874. Name the bank. |
|
Definition
| Freedmen�s Savings and Trust Bank |
|
|
Term
| 377. On June 8th and June 13, 1866, this amendment to the Constitution was passed by both houses of the U.S. Congress, the House of Representative and the Senate, respectively. The amendment defined citizenship to include all those born or naturalized in the United States. This guaranteed citizenship for blacks and equal protection under the law. Because most southern states refused to ratify this amendment, several Radical Republicans such as Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade, and Benjamin Butler urged the passing of the Reconstruction Acts in 1867. These acts divided the South into five military districts controlled by military law, proclaimed universal manhood suffrage, and required new state constitutions to be drawn up. In the meantime, Congress sent this amendment to the states for ratification, but ratification did not occur until 1868. Name the amendment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 378. Most black Americans served on the side of the Union in the Civil War. As many as 166 African American regiments served in the Civil War. How many African Americans served in the Union Army? |
|
Definition
| about 86,000 or 12 percent of all Union soldiers |
|
|
Term
| Many black Americans also served in the Union Navy. About 30,000 African Americans served in the Navy. They comprised what percentage of all Union sailors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 379. This holiday started in Texas in the years following the Civil War. African Americans have celebrated this month and date every year as the ending of slavery. In 1865 this date became important in African American history because the Union army entered Galveston, Texas, and ordered that all slaves in the state be freed. Interestingly, when the Union soldiers did this, the Civil War had been over for two months and those enslaved in the state had been freed by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation more than two years earlier. Slave owners in Texas, however, had kept the news from their slaves. Today, this month and day is a annual celebration that includes music, food, games, and picnics. What is this day called and when is it (month and day)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 380. After the Civil War, the demand for meat in the North and East grew rapidly. It is estimated that at this time there was over 5 million longhorn cattle in Texas alone. Between 1866 to 1895, some 10 million cattle were herded to railroad cowtowns to feed people in the East. The main routes from Texas to Kansas, for example, was the Chisholm Trail and the Goodnight Trail. Black cowboys were central to many of the cattle drives from Texas to cowtowns in Kansas. Name several of the cowtown destinations in Kansas. |
|
Definition
| Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita, Ellsworth, Great Bend, and Newton381. |
|
|
Term
| ‘Employers exploited African American labor by creating new systems to re-enslave African Americans right after the Civil War. These systems have been labeled ‘‘almost slavery’’. One of these was the convict labor system. Name another.’ |
|
Definition
| sharecropping system In sharecropping, a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. |
|
|
Term
| 382. In 1867, this college in Harper�s Ferry, West Virginia was open by Freewill Baptists as a mission school to educate former enslaved blacks. The college eventually became a degree-granting college open to all races. For 25 years, the college was the only school in West Virginia that offered African Americans an education beyond the primary level. The college closed in 1955. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 383. This state was the first Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union after the Civil War. It met congressional requirements by passing the Fourteenth Amendment and adopting a new state constitution. Name the state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 384. From Reconstruction to World War I, these two African Americans were considered the principal black advocates of African Americans moving back to Africa. Name them. |
|
Definition
| Martin Delany and Henry McNeal Turner |
|
|
Term
| ‘385. This historically black college was founded in New Orleans in 1880 for ‘‘persons of color’’ and opened with 12 students. It later moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana and offered programs in agriculture, arts, and sciences. Today, it is one of the largest predominantly black institutions of higher learning in the country. Name it.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 386. In response to the freedoms given to blacks by amendments to the U.S. Constitution, southern states passed laws that placed severe restrictions on these freedoms. These included prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations. What were these laws called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 387. In the first Civil Rights Bill, the U.S. Congress was seeking to protect freed slaves from Southern Black Codes. Through the bill, blacks were given privileges of American citizenship: to make contracts, hold property, and testify in court. They were made subject to the laws, punishment, and penalties of the United States. The U.S. President, Andrew Johnson vetoed it but the U.S. Congress overrode his veto and passed it. When was the first Civil Rights Bill passed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 388. These two U.S. Senators, one from Massachusetts and the other from Pennsylvania, became life-long champions of equal rights for all citizens. In fact, they were the primary leaders in securing passage of the Civil Rights Bill in the U.S. Congress in March 1866. While they agreed on many broad issues, they held different perspectives on how to achieve equal rights for blacks. The Senator from Massachusetts noted in 1865 that �the ballot is a schoolmaster� and that through it the Negro would �be educated into the principles of government.� The Senator from Pennsylvania believed strongly in the need for suffrage extension, but that �economic opportunity was a necessary accompaniment to suffrage.� Name these two champions of equal rights. |
|
Definition
| Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens |
|
|
Term
| 389. In 1864, this black woman was the first of her race to receive a medical degree in the United States. In 1867 and 1870 respectively, Rebecca J. Cole and Susan McKinney Steward also received this degree. Name the first black female medical doctor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 390. This historically black college and university was founded in 1867 in Washington, D.C. It boasts that in its first century it graduated at least one-half of the nation�s black physicians, dentists, pharmacists, engineers, and architects. Name this university. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 391. Who was Howard University named after? |
|
Definition
| Gen. Oliver O. Howard, head of the Freedmen�s Bureau |
|
|
Term
| 392. This African American achieved a number of distinctions. He was the first African American to hold an elected office (in Ohio) and later was elected a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia. He also set up the law department at Howard University and became its dean. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 393. In 1867, this college in Augusta, Georgia was founded by the American Baptist Home Mission Society and called Augusta Institute. The school moved to Atlanta in 1879 and was renamed after the secretary of the Society in 1913. In 1906, John Hope, an educator and civil rights leader became president, the first African American to hold this position. Hope supported education for blacks similar to that received by whites, rather than the manual and technical education advocated by Booker T. Washington. Today, one out of every ten of its male graduates has an academic or professional doctorate. Name the college which is sometimes called the �Black Oxford of the South�. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 394. In 1867, this school was established to teach children of formerly enslaved black people. The first classes were held in a church and then in a railroad boxcar. Over the years, this college became the first traditionally black college to have an accredited graduate school. Name the school and the city and state where it is located. |
|
Definition
| Atlanta University; Atlanta, Georgia |
|
|
Term
| 395. The first interracial jury in a Federal Court occurred with a hearing scheduled for May 10, 1867 in Richmond to try this famous confederate leader. In fact, 12 of the 24 jurors selected were black men. The Confederate leader on trial was charged with treason against the United States Government. On May 19, 1865, he was imprisoned at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. He was placed in irons for three days and was indicted for treason a year later. After two years of imprisonment, he was released on bail of $100,000 which was posted by prominent citizens of both Northern and Southern states, including Horace Greeley, Cornelius Vanderbilt and Gerrit Smith. In December 1868 the court rejected a motion to nullify the indictment, but the prosecution dropped the case in February 1869. Name this confederate leader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 396. This company was founded in 1867 to provide luxury sleeping and parlor-car service to the nation�s railroads. With the end of slavery, thousands of blacks went to work for the company. It hired more black people than any business in America. As a result, black men had a monopoly over one of the job in the railroad industry--porter. These jobs provided a chance to earn enough money to enter the middle class. Thurgood Marshall and E.D. Nixon (the person behind the famous 1955 bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama) were porters for this company. Name the company and the person who founded it. |
|
Definition
| The Pullman Company founded by George M. Pullman |
|
|
Term
| 397. In 1867, the U.S. Congress, filled with new Radical Republican members, passed this bill. It divided the South into five military districts, each under a major general. New elections were to be held in each of the southern states with freed enslaved blacks being allowed to vote. It also included an amendment that offered readmission to the Southern states after they had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and guaranteed adult male suffrage. President Andrew Johnson immediately vetoed the bill but Congress re-passed the bill over his veto the same day. Name this legislation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 398. Throughout his life, this person strongly opposed slavery. As a lawyer, he defended a large number of fugitives without a fee. When he was elected to the Pennsylvania State Legislature (1833) and later to the U.S. House of Representatives (1849) and the U.S. Senate (1859), he continued his strong and unwavering stand against slavery. As a member of the Radical Republicans, he helped draft the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Reconstruction Acts in 1867. He strongly supported taking land from slave-owners and distributing it to former slaves. In 1868, he proposed the resolution for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. When his health was failing, he insisted that he be buried among Africans Americans in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. On his tombstone are the following words: �I repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural preference for solitude; but finding other cemeteries limited as to race, by charter rules, I have chosen this that I might illustrate in my death the principles which I advocated through a long life, equality of many before the Creator�. Name this political leader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 399. During Reconstruction, this African American was elected to fill two posts in his state: Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasurer. He had attended the University of Glasgow in Scotland and had studied at Presbyterian seminaries in Edinburgh and London. He was an eloquent speaker and brilliant economist. Name the politician and the state where he was elected. |
|
Definition
| Francis Cardozo; South Carolina |
|
|
Term
| 400. This historically black college was established in 1868 in Virginia by Samuel Chapman Armstrong, a 27-year old brevet brigadier general who had commanded black troops in the Civil War. Armstrong, the head of the eastern district of the Freedmen�s Bureau, purchased the site and started the school in an old federal hospital with two teaching assistants and fifteen students. Name the school. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 401. After the Civil War, blacks were elected Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Adjutant General in this state. Blacks won 85 of 157 seats in the state�s General Assembly and they were elected to four of the five U.S. Congressional seats. In what state did this occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 402. In 1868, this African American was elected Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, the highest elective office held by an African American up to this time. Who was he? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 403. Black colleges and universities used a number of ways to raise money for their schools. This African American educator and her students in this Florida school baked sweet potato pies and sold them to railroad workers to raise money to buy nearby land. Name the educator and school she founded. |
|
Definition
| Mary McLeod Bethune; Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls (became Bethune- Cookman College in 1931) |
|
|
Term
| 404. In September 1868, this state legislature expelled all 28 black members (26 representatives and two senators) who had been duly elected. It was the view of the white legislators that although blacks had the right to vote, they did not have a right to hold public in 1869, this African American, elected to this state�s House of Representatives was denied his seat, but later spoke before his fellow white representatives. Unable to convince them to seat him and the other African Americans, he called for mass emigration of blacks to Africa. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 405. This African American established the Colored Caulkers� Trade Union Society in Baltimore. He is also credited with organizing the first national African American labor union in American history, the Colored National Labor Union. He became the first president of this union. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 406. This African American woman earned a bachelor�s of arts degree at Oberlin College in Ohio in 1862, thus becoming the first of her race to earn a B.A. degree. She later taught at the Institute for Colored Youth in Pennsylvania, and in 1869 at the Preparatory High School for Colored Youth in Washington, D.C. (later named Dunbar High School). She became the first African American principal of this prestigious school. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 407. In 1869, the U.S. regular army was reorganized with four black regiments. They were scattered across the West to protect settlers, guard the mail, and protect the railroads and telegraph lines. They took part in the Indian wars against Victorio, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo. They also had to build their own housing and forts. Between 1870 and 1890, more than a dozen of these soldiers earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. The first soldier receiving the Medal was Sgt. Emanuel Stance, who rescued two white children who had been kidnapped. The Native Americans gave these soldiers the name �Buffalo Soldiers� because their curly black hair was reminiscent of the buffalo mane and their bravery was like that of the buffalo. Later, the picture of a bison appeared on one of their regimental flags. What four black regiments made up the �Buffalo Soldiers� at the time? |
|
Definition
| 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry |
|
|
Term
| 408. In the 1870s, many African Americans set out for a new life in Kansas. The chief organizer of this movement was a former enslaved black man from Tennessee. Even though he was more than 70 years old at the time, he was still energetic and helped many to resettle in black colonies in Kansas. Name him. |
|
Definition
| ‘Benjamin ‘‘Pap’’ Singleton’ |
|
|
Term
| 410. In 1869, this amendment to the Constitution was ratified. This amendment said that the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Name this amendment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 411. This state had two African Americans, Hiram R. Revels and Blanche K. Bruce, serve in the U.S. Senate during Reconstruction. What state did they represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 412. This black cowboy was born in Texas in 1870 and became famous when he joined the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Wild West Show. He was one of the main attractions when he sank his teeth into the steer�s upper lip and threw the steer to the ground simply by his bite. For a while, he was the only black person among the 90 cowboys performing. In 1971, he was inducted into the National Cowboy Hall of Fame. He is known for creating �bull-dogging�--a rodeo event where a cowboy leaps from his horse, throws a steer to the ground and ties up its legs. Name this cowboy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘413. In the 1870s, many black migrants joined the major exodus from Kentucky and Tennessee to settle in organized communities in Kansas. ‘‘Dunlap’’ and ‘‘Singleton’’ were the names of two towns they created. Name a third town and the most famous in Kansas. It is a National Historic site today.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 414. Many black people left Southern states in the 1870s and 1880s to escape poverty and abuse in favor of independence and land in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. In 1879, for example, it is estimated that as many as 6,000 people left South Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Texas for Kansas. The outmigration continued and in December 1881 alone, more than 5,000 black residents left South Carolina for Augusta, Georgia where they boarded trains to Arkansas. Some of these new residents obtained land under this act. Name it and the number of acres each received. |
|
Definition
| 1862 Homestead Act; 160 acres |
|
|
Term
| 416. He became the first black person to hold a major judicial position when he was elected associate justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1870. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 417. In 1870, this African American was the first of his race to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and take his seat. He was born enslaved but became free after his father bought his family�s freedom. He was drafted by his home state to serve in the Confederate Army, but escaped to Bermuda. In 1866, he returned home. At this time, only ten counties in this state had a majority of white voters, and in his county, only one in six voters were white. He held a number of Republican Party positions, including serving in the State Senate. He later was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served from 1871-1879. Name this U.S. Congressman and the state he represented. |
|
Definition
| Joseph Hayne Rainey from South Carolina |
|
|
Term
| 418. On July 15, 1870, this state was the last former state of the Confederacy to be readmitted to the Union. It finally met federal requirements for readmission, including ratifying the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas were also among the last to be readmitted in 1870 but this state was the last. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 419. Of the 20 African Americans who served in the U.S. House of Representatives during Reconstruction, which state sent the largest number (8)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 420. Alonzo Ransier and Richard Gleaves of South Carolina, A.K. Davis of Mississippi, and Oscar Dunn, P.B.S. Pinchback, and C.C. Antoine of Louisiana all served in this high state political office during Reconstruction. What office did they hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 421. Baseball reached the little town of Cooperstown, New York during or shortly following the state where this occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 422. Faced with near financial ruin during the 1870-1915 period, this black University (founded in 1866) in Nashville, Tennessee sent singers on tour across the country and throughout the world to earn money. Started originally by a Freedmen's Bureau official named George White, the nine young singers and a pianist began training in 1866. Eight of these were formerly enslaved. Their first tour took place in 1871. They raised as much as $25,000 to pay debts and buy the land on which the university would be situated. Their concerts were successful and promoted black music as an art form to be studied, preserved, and appreciated as part of American culture. Later, they performed before President Ulysses Grant, and Queen Victoria who commissioned a lifesize portrait of the group. In 1872, the university, founded by the American Missionary Association, became the first African American college to receive a class A rating by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. What is the name of the university and its singers? |
|
Definition
| Fisk University; Fisk Jubilee Singers |
|
|
Term
| ‘423. This African American was sworn in as Governor of Louisiana after Governor Henry C. Warmoth was impeached ‘‘for high crimes and misdemeanors’’ in 1872. He had previously been a delegate to the Republican convention that nominated Ulysses S. Grant for president. He became the first black governor in American history. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 424. This African American, born the son of fugitive slaves who had escaped from Kentucky to Canada, becomes of the most noted inventors when he receives a patent for his �lubricator cup� invention in 1872. His invention allows for moving trains to be oiled without stopping. During his lifetime, he had more than 42 inventions. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 425. She became the first African-American woman lawyer when she graduated from Howard University Law School in 1872. Barriers to setting up a law practice were too difficult to overcome at the time so she became a teacher in the Brooklyn, New York schools. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 426. This African American author compiled the histories of as many as 100 fugitives a year between 1850 and 1860 as he helped them escape to freedom. He documented their stories in his 1872 memoir, The Underground Railroad--a book that recognized the bravery of fugitives. His book is still considered the most comprehensive book on the Underground Railroad today. The author was born a free black in New Jersey and moved to Philadelphia where he worked for the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery and became chair of the organization in 1851. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 427. She was the first black woman to graduate from a New York State medical school--New York Medical College for Women. In 1873, she became the first African American female medical doctor to be formally certified. She later founded several hospitals. In 1881, she became resident physician at Wilberforce University in Ohio. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 428. In 1874, Reconstruction was rapidly coming to an end. However, in this year, five African Americans were elected to the U.S. Congress. Blanche K. Bruce was U.S. Senator from Mississippi. Four others were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. They were Jeremiah Haralson, Alabama; John A. Hyman, North Carolina; Charles E. Nash, Louisiana; and _____________________, ____________________. |
|
Definition
| Robert Smalls, South Carolina |
|
|
Term
| 429. In 1874, this African American became a priest and was installed president of the oldest Catholic university in the United States. He became the first African American to head a predominantly white university. Name him and the college, now a university that he led. |
|
Definition
| Father Patrick Francis Healy, Georgetown University |
|
|
Term
| 430. On May 17, 1875, the first �Kentucky Derby� horse race was held at Churchill Downs, in Louisville, Kentucky. The purse was $2,850. The first jockey to win a Kentucky Derby was a black person who rode the horse, Aristides, to victory. Who was he? |
|
Definition
| ‘Also, how many of the 14 jockeys in that race were black? Oliver Lewis; 13’ |
|
|
Term
| 431. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was introduced in the U.S. Congress by two Radical Republicans in 1870, however it did not become law until March 1, 1875. The Act promised that all persons, regardless of race, color, or previous conditions full and equal employment of accommodation in �inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement�. In 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional and said that Congress did not have the power to regulate the conduct and transactions of individuals. Names the two Radical Republicans who introduced this legislation. |
|
Definition
| Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler |
|
|
Term
| 432. In 1875, the U.S. Congress passed a Civil Rights Act and President Ulysses Grant signed it into law. Eight years later, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional. What did this Civil Rights Act prohibit? |
|
Definition
| discrimination in public accommodations (hotels, theaters, and public carriers) |
|
|
Term
| 433. On June 2, 1875, Pope Pius IX named this African American to be bishop of Portland, Maine, making him the first African American Catholic bishop in the United States. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 434. In 1876, perhaps for the first time in American history, African Americans were enrolled in educational institutions in this state in greater numbers than whites. For example, there were 89,800 African Americans enrolled in schools compared with only 78,400 whites. In what state did this occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 435. In 1876, the Freedmen�s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church established the first all-black medical school in the United States. Three other African-American medical schools: Howard University Medical School, Shaw Medical School, and the Medical Department of the University of West Tennessee were established later. What is the name of the first all-black medical school and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| Meharry; Nashville, Tennessee |
|
|
Term
| 436. The end of Reconstruction occurred when the North abandoned black Americans to southern whites who immediately began campaigns of violence to reestablish their power. In what year did this occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 437. In June 1877, he became the first black person to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. While a student there for four years, he experienced racial discrimination. He was excluded from activities and ignored by white cadets. After joiningthe Tenth Cavalry in 1878, serving mostly in Oklahoma and Texas, he was the only black officer in the U.S. Army. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘438. By 1878, this African American was one of the most gifted music composers of his time. In fact, he wrote and composed ‘‘Carry Me Back to Old Virginny’’--the song that once was the official song of the state. This composer wrote more than 500 songs, including ‘‘Oh, Dem Golden Slippers.’’ Who was he?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 439. In 1879, between 20,000 and 40,000 former enslaved blacks migrated to Kansas seeking a new life on land made available by the 1862 Homestead Act. These blacks moved from Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Georgia. Because they were the only labor supply in some of the counties in these states, the Klansmen threatened them, beat them, and some were murdered for attempting to leave. In 1879, the Democrats in Congress demanded an investigation claiming that this migration was a Republican plot to wreck the southern economy. Benjamin �Pap� Singleton, who organized many migrations of blacks to Kansas, and others were asked to testify before the U.S. Congress on their role. What was this migration called? |
|
Definition
| Exodus of 1879 (Exoduster Movement) |
|
|
Term
| 440. In 1879, this newspaper, considered the oldest continuously printed black newspaper in the country, was founded. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 441. This African American opposed the movement of African Americans out of the South because he believed that the government should protect citizens wherever they live, and that leaving the South was no permanent remedy for the plight of the Negro. He felt they should remain in the South where they would have enough numbers to have political power. Who held this view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 442. This African American, a former professor of the University of South Carolina, argued that African Americans should leave the South in order to escape the harsh treatment by Southern whites. The exodus would carry African Americans to better economic and educational opportunities and would benefit those who remained in the South. Name the African American who held this view. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 443. She was the first African American woman to receive her Registered Nurse (R.N) degree from a nursing program in the United States--the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘444. This state began the modern racial segregation movement in 1881 with the introduction of the ‘‘Jim Crow’’ (segregated) railroad car. Name the state.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 445. Booker T. Washington is one of the most famous African American educators. In 1881, he established a college to train black teachers. He himself had graduated from Hampton Institute in that year. In 1896, Washington became the first African American to be awarded an honorary degree from Harvard University. In 1900, he published his autobiography, Up from Slavery. Name the college he established and the state where it is located. |
|
Definition
| Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama |
|
|
Term
| ‘446. In 1882, this scientist received a patent for his invention of the first incandescent electric light bulb with a carbon filament. It was considered an improvement of Thomas Edison’s electric lamp. This scientist/inventor contributed so many inventions to the field of electricity that many of his fellow scientists called him ‘‘the Black Edison.’’ This scientist was a member of the Edison Pioneers, a group many called the ‘greatest inventors’ of the time. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 447. This black man invented the ‘shoe-lasting machine’, a machine that revolutionized the shoe industry. His invention cut the price of shoes by more than 50 percent, doubled wages in the industry, and improved working conditions for those in the shoe industry. Name this inventor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 448. This African American is one of the most famous horse jockeys in American history. He obtained his jockey apprentice license at the age of 12 and won his first major race in Louisville, Kentucky in 1875. In 1884, he won six major races, including the Kentucky Derby. He became the first jockey to win three Kentucky Derby races-a record that held until 1948. He is a member of the Jockey's Hall of Fame at several race tracks around the country, including Pimlico in Maryland. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 449. On May 1, 1884 this baseball catcher made his professional major league debut with Toledo in an American Association game. As a result, he became the first black player in organized baseball history. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 450. In 1887, he obtained Patent No. 315,368 for the ‘telegraphony,’ a device that received and transmitted Morse code or voice messages between moving trains and between trains and stations. His invention significantly reduced the number of train accidents. Name him. |
|
Definition
| Granville T. Woods (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks |
|
|
Term
| 451. In 1887, Isaiah Thornton Montgomery and other former enslaved black Americans founded this town. They hoped that their new community would give them the freedoms they could not find in white towns. Montgomery had been enslaved on the plantation of the brother of the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. Name the town they founded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 452. This African American, a successful politician in Kansas, moved to Oklahoma Territory in 1887 and later became the founder of two all-black towns, Liberty and Langston. He envisioned Oklahoma Territory as an all-black state. President Benjamin Harrison provided no support for this plan and it failed. Name this African American. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 453. The first African American bank, True Reformers’ Bank, opened in this city in 1888. The bank was supported by a fraternal organization. Name the city. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 454. This African American invented many products--as many as sixty patents are in his name. Many of his inventions are related to railway and electrical systems. Many of them were sold to some of the most notable industries--General Electric, Westinghouse, and American Bell Telephone. Thomas Edison offered him a job but he turned it down. The American Catholic Tribune called him the ‘greatest electrician in the world’ in 1888. Name him. |
|
Definition
| Granville T. Woods (see additional information in Part V, Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 455. This was the first bank organized and administered by blacks (without a fraternal organization connection) in 1888. Name the bank. |
|
Definition
| Capital Savings Bank of Washington, D.C. |
|
|
Term
| 456. In the latter years of the 1800s, southern states implemented a system where they leased black convicts from their prisons to businesses and planters to build railroads, clear swamps, work mines, cut timber, and tend cotton. Companies and planters had to feed, clothe, and house the prisoners, but prisoners were treated harshly, shackled, beaten, overworked, and underfed. They provided cheap labor while southern states received large revenues from the leases. Sadly, law enforcement officials were encouraged to arrest black men for assorted menial crimes to increase this labor force and state revenue. The system was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911. Name this system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 457. In 1889, he graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the third African American to do so. He first served with the Buffalo Soldiers in the 10th Cavalry in Nebraska and then with the 9th and 10th Cavalries in Utah. Over the years, he was promoted for his hard work and dedication to his various jobs. When confronted with retirement, he rode his horse from Texas to Washington, D.C. to show that he was in good physical health and that he should not be retired from military service. Name him. |
|
Definition
| Colonel Charles Young (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 458. This black artist was trained at the prestigious Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts�the only black person studying at the Academy then. He is well-known for many paintings, some completed in Paris, France where he moved in 1891. One of his most famous paintings, The Banjo Lesson, was completed in 1893. Name this artist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 459. On May 4, 1891, Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a noted African American physician opened the first training school for black nurses in this city. Dr. Williams also performed the first successful open-heart operation in this hospital. Name the hospital and the city where the training school was located. |
|
Definition
| Provident Hospital; Chicago, IL |
|
|
Term
| 460. In this city and state, one of the oldest black-owned newspapers, The Afro-American, is still published. John Henry Murphy, Sr. established it in 1892. After serving in the Civil War, Murphy worked as a white washer, porter, janitor, postal employee, and printer before he founded the newspaper. In what city and state is this newspaper still published? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 461. This African American woman, educated at Rusk College, became part owner and editor of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight where she wrote articles about the lynching of black people. In 1892, she was driven out of town and her publishing business destroyed when she exposed those behind the lynching of three black Memphis businessmen--one of these was a friend who ran a successful grocery store. In 1909, she was one of two black women who were among the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Name this woman. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 462. This African American poet, born in Dayton, Ohio, was editor of his school�s newspaper, president of the literary society, star of the debating team, and a member of the honor society. In 1892, he published his first collection of poetry entitled Oak and Ivy when he was 22 years old. He worked as an elevator operator for $4 a week. When he achieved considerable fame upon publication of his book Lyrics of Lowly Life in 1896, he quit his job. His fame spread throughout the nation when William Dean Howells, the most influential literary critic in the country, gave this poet�s work rave reviews. He published rather extensively thereafter--Lyrics of the Hearthside (1899); Lyrics of Love and Laughter (1903); Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow (1905); as well as novels. He toured England for a series of readings and was praised by the British. Although he grew tired of writing in �black dialect,� he found his audience wanted nothing else but black dialect from him. This poet died in 1906 from tuberculosis and other ailments. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 463. Barred from the American Medical Association (AMA), black doctors organized the National Medical Association in Atlanta in 1895. Some black doctors had been educated at white medical schools; most, however, had received their education from one of these black medical schools: |
|
Definition
| Leonard Medical School at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC; Flint-Goodridge Medical College in New Orleans, LA; Meharry Medical School in Nashville, TN; and Howard University School of Medicine in Washington, DC. |
|
|
Term
| 464. In 1895, this black woman organized the National Federation of Afro-American Women, which later merged with the Colored Women�s League to form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). She became one of the organization�s vice presidents. With funds from her husband�s successful law practice, the couple became active in the struggle against slavery and later, recruited black soldiers for the Union Army. She also strongly supported women�s suffrage. When her husband died, she received a considerable amount of money. She used much of this to support the Woman�s Era, the country�s first journal published by and for black American women. This monthly magazine advocated women�s suffrage and equal civil rights and was edited by her daughter. Name this woman. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 465. In 1895, this educator, author, and black social activist became the first African American awarded a Ph.D. degree (Doctor of Philosophy) from Harvard University. He wrote his dissertation on the African slave trade in the United States. He had previously earned a college degree from Fisk University in 1888. After receiving his Ph.D., he became a professor of economics and history at Atlanta University. He was one of America�s most prolific writers and one of his most important works, The Souls of Black Folk was published in 1903. He was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘466. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, was decided by a vote of 8-1. The decision upheld the ‘‘separate but equal’’ doctrine and began the age of Jim Crow. The Court said that the State of Louisiana was within its rights to arrest Homer Plessy, an African American, for violating its ‘‘Jim Crow’’ laws. Specifically, what did Plessy do to break the law?’ |
|
Definition
| He sat in a railroad car reserved for whites. |
|
|
Term
| 467. This African American Civil Rights activist, educated at Oberlin College in Ohio, became one of the most notable women of her time. In addition to becoming a principal of a high school in Washington, D.C., she was the first black woman to be appointed to the Board of Education in the city. In 1896, she became one of the organizing founders of the National Association of Colored Women and the association�s first president. Name her. |
|
Definition
| Mary Church Terrell (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 468. In 1896, 130,344 African Americans were registered to vote in Louisiana and they formed the majority of registered voters in 26 parishes. The next year, a law passed in Louisiana effectively barred blacks from voting and became a model for other southern states. This law stated �A person might register and vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, or if he or an ancestor had served in either the Confederate or Union army.� In 1900, only 5,320 African Americans were registered to vote and no parish had a black majority. In 1904, only 1,342 blacks voted. What specific clause had been written into the Louisiana Constitution that effectively disenfranchised so many black voters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 469. In 1896, this African American was selected director of agricultural research at Tuskegee Institute. Here, he began to teach and experiment with agricultural production. He was one of the first soil scientists to encourage crop rotation, and he developed several hundred industrial and household uses from peanuts and sweet potatoes. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 470. When George Washington Carver, the first African American on the faculty at Iowa State University, left to create a department of agriculture at Tuskegee Institute, he arrived to find no laboratory and no equipment. As a result, Carver created a new idea that would use his skills. He would cross the countryside in a wagon to teach local farmers new agricultural techniques, including enriching the soil through crop rotation. He was so successful that farmers in countries as far away as China and India later adopted his idea. What was this idea called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 471. In 1897, Edwin P. McCabe founded this town in Oklahoma and named it in honor of a well-known black educator, inspector-general for the Freedmen's Bureau, and U.S. Representative from Virginia. Name the town and the person whose name was honored. |
|
Definition
| Langston named for John Mercer Langston |
|
|
Term
| 472. This black inventor designed a device that allowed railroad cars to be couple more effectively. He sold his invention for $50,000 in 1897--a relatively large sum at the time. It became known as the �jenny coupler� and was one of the most important inventions that made railroads more safe. He is a member of the Inventors Hall of Fame. Name him. |
|
Definition
| Andrew J. Beard (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 473. This African American composer and pianist released one of his finest works, Maple Leaf Rag, in 1899. He was best known for his ragtime music. He later wrote a ragtime opera, Treemonisha. Almost 100 years later, this composer�s music was rediscovered by a number of singers and pianists who introduced the musical of this African American to new generations of music lovers. The composer�s songs were featured in the movie, The Sting, starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. Name the composer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 474. Rosamond Johnson, trained at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, and his brother James Weldon Johnson, wrote a song that is often called the �Black National Anthem.� It was written in 1901. Name it. |
|
Definition
| Lift Every Voice and Sing |
|
|
Term
| 475. In 1898 three African Americans, Dr. John Merrick, Dr. Aaron M. Moore and Charles Spaulding, founded a company in Durham, North Carolina that became the �world�s largest black-owned business� and won Durham the reputation of �Capital of the black Middle Class.� It remains the nation�s oldest and largest black-owned life insurance company. Name it. |
|
Definition
| North Carolina Mutual Insurance Company |
|
|
Term
| 476. In 1900, only five cities had more than 50,000 black residents. Four of them were Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. Name the fifth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 477. In 1900, blacks outnumbered whites in seven large American cities--all in the South. They included Savannah, GA; Montgomery, AL; Jacksonville, FL; Shreveport, LA; Vicksburg, MS; Baton Rouge, LA; and _____________. |
|
Definition
| Charleston, South Carolina |
|
|
Term
| 478. In many large U.S. cities, wealthy African Americans developed their own residential districts because racial discrimination laws prohibited them from living among whites of similar wealth. In Atlanta, this district becomes the premier residence for African Americans and its main street was called �the richest Negro street in the world.� Over time, the street became the location of WERD, the nation�s first Black-owned commercial radio station, the street where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, grew up, the location of the Ebenezer Baptist Church where King, his father and grandfather preached and the place where Dr. King was buried. Name this district. |
|
Definition
| Auburn Avenue District also called �Sweet Auburn� |
|
|
Term
| 479. He was the only black congressman sworn in when the Fifty-fifth U.S. Congress met on March 15, 1897. He was the last black person to be elected to the U.S. Congress for another 28 years. After leaving Congress in 1901, he founded a black town in Cape May County, New Jersey. Name him and the town he founded. |
|
Definition
| George Henry White; Whitesboro, NJ |
|
|
Term
| 480. President Theodore Roosevelt upset many residents in the South when he invited this famous black educator to dine with him at the White House. Southern newspapers attacked the President and his guest. For example, the Memphis (Tennessee) Scimitar, said Roosevelt had committed �the most damnable outrage ever perpetrated by any citizen of the United States when he invited (this person) to dine with him at the White House.� Name the person invited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 481. In 1903, she became the first black woman to head a bank. She presided over the St. Luke Bank and Trust Company in Richmond, Virginia. She took $9,000 of initial deposits and increased bank holdings to $376,000 in a few years. The Bank helped many blacks to get an education, secure housing, and gain economic independence. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.1. Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Claflin College |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.2 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Spelman University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.3 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Xavier University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.4 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Howard University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.5 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Prairie View State |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.6 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Langston University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.7 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Bethune-Cookman College |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.8 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Cheyney University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.9 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Hampton University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.10 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Coppin State College |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.11 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Wilberforce University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.12 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Morehouse University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.13 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Meharry Medical School |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.14 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Alcorn State University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.15 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Tuskegee University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 482.16 Match the historically black colleges or universities with the state where they are located: Fisk University |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 483. In 1904, this African American was the first of his race to enter the Olympic Games and win a medal. He won two bronze medals in the Olympics held in St. Louis. He grew up in Wisconsin and earned a college degree in history from the University of Wisconsin. While attending the university, he was valuable member of the track and field team. The World�s Fair was also held in St. Louis in 1904 and African Americans were segregated from whites at the World�s Fair and the Olympics. Prominent African Americans called for a boycott of the Games as a protest of the segregated facilities for the spectators, but this athlete chose to compete. After his Olympic success, he taught in a segregated high school in St. Louis. Many years later he became a postal clerk in Chicago, a job he held for almost 30 years. Name the athlete and the track and field event in which he participated in the 1904 Olympics. |
|
Definition
| George Poage; hurdles (200 metre and 400 metre) |
|
|
Term
| 484. She earned a degree from Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, but was rejected to be a Presbyterian missionary. She moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, became a teacher and decided to open her own school. With desks made from packing crates from a nearby dump, she started her first class in October 1904. Her dedication to education and civil rights guided her to help form many organizations including the National Council of Negro Women (1935). She was Director of Negro Affairs under President Franklin Roosevelt, and she was also a founding member of the National Association for Colored Women (NACW). She advised five United States presidents. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 485. Twenty-nine black intellectuals, headed by W.E.B. Du Bois, organized this movement in Fort Erie, Canada in 1905. It demanded the abolition of all forms of racial discrimination and was a direct response to Booker T. Washington's cautious approach to racial justice. The movement lasted only five years. It is frequently referred to as the organization that led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Name the movement or organization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘486. Booker T. Washington visited this all-black town in 1905, just prior to Oklahoma statehood in 1907. He described it as a thriving town of approximately 2,000 residents, ‘‘with two banks, two cotton-gins, a newspaper, a hotel, and a college-- the Creek- Seminole College and Agricultural Institute.’’ Name this town in Oklahoma.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 487. This African American attended Hampton Institute and later, Kent College of Law in Chicago, receiving an LL.B. (law) Degree in 1898. After practicing law in the Midwest for five years, he returned to Chicago and in 1905, founded the Chicago Defender. By 1929, The Defender was a national newspaper with 250,000 customers. The publisher built the circulation of the Defender during the great exodus of blacks from the South. The paper attacked racial injustices in the South, specifically discrimination, segregation, and lynching. It encouraged blacks to leave the South for work and better opportunities in the North. Name this publisher. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 488.1 Within a two-year time period, 1906-1908, two important African American organizations were formed. In 1906, the first black fraternity was founded at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Today, it has a membership that exceeds 185,000, and promotes academic excellence and supports community service activities. Name the fraternity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 488.2 In 1908, this sorority was established at Howard University and became the country�s first black sorority. Its primary goal is to improve quality of life for blacks throughout the world. Today, it has more than 250,000 members in 900 chapters across the United States and several other countries. Name the sorority. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 489. In 1908, this athlete became the first African American to win an Olympic gold medal. He won it in a team event, the 4x400 meter relay race. He was born in 1882 in Washington, D.C. and later graduated from the University of Pennsylvania�s School of Veterinary Medicine. He was a successful track and field athlete and competed in the Olympic Games in London, England in 1908. The relay team consisted of this athlete and three white runners. Less than five months after his victory, this athlete died from typhoid fever at 26 years of age. His teammates remembered him for his athletic ability but also for his kindness and scholarship. Name this athlete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 490. This African American frustrated and dominated his opponents in the boxing ring with superb boxing skills, much the way Muhammad Ali did many decades later. He was not �the good natured, black animal� that the press called him, but rather a well-read history buff who admired the French emperor, Napoleon. On December 26, 1908, this professional boxer defeated Tommy Burns to become the first black world heavyweight champion. Two years later he knocked out Jim Jeffries to retain the title. His victory set off rioting by whites in a number of cities where African Americans were attacked. Many whites did not want to accept a black champion. Who was this world boxing champion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 491. In 1908, a race riot occurred in the city, hometown of Abraham Lincoln. It took place on the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. Black people were lynched during this riot near Lincoln's home and only two miles of his burial place. Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and president of the New York Post at the time, wrote that this riot was �the climax of a war of crime and lawlessness that was flooding the country.� Name the city. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘492. This African American leader grew up in Boston, was the only black student in his high school, and after graduating, entered Harvard College in 1891. He became the first black to be honored with membership in Phi Beta Kappa, an honorary group of students with exceptional grades. By 1899, he owned a successful real estate business and in 1901, he used much of his personal wealth to establish the Boston Guardian, a newspaper that promoted his own ideas including attacks on the work of Booker T. Washington and all that Washington stood for. He believed that Washington�s programs subordinated blacks to whites. The newspaper editor established a reputation that rightfully identifies him as the �first influential �militant� black leader of the twentieth century.� He founded the National Equal Rights League (1908) as an alternate to ‘‘white-dominated’’ and ‘‘supported’’ organizations like the NAACP. Name this militant.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 493. The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, the first professional organization of black women, was organized in 1909. Its most important goal was and continues to be the professional recognition of black nurses and the improvement of the quality of their training. Name the primary founders. |
|
Definition
| Martha M. Franklin and Ada Thoms |
|
|
Term
| 494. This important civil rights group was organized in New York City on February 12, 1909. Its purpose was to advance the civil rights of African American people and to protect the rights of all people. This organization has become one of the major civil rights organizations today. Name it. |
|
Definition
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
|
|
Term
| 495. The Crisis is a major magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Who was the first editor of the Crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 496. In 1910, this woman established a hair-products manufacturing company that eventually employed about 3,000 workers. In her early life, she had worked as a washerwoman, but invested her wages to develop a hair conditioner for women. She is the first African American woman to become a millionaire by her own efforts. She gave much of her money to charities that benefited African American communities. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘497. This major organization was founded in 1911 from a merger of three organizations--the Committee for Improving the Industrial Conditions of Negroes in New York, the National League for the Protection of Colored Women, and the Committee on Urban Conditions. The initial mission of the new organization was to improve the economic and social conditions of black residents in urban areas and to help southern blacks adjust to city life, particularly in the North. Eugene Kinckle Jones, an African American, was one of the founders and served as its Executive Secretary for more than 20 years. He was also a member of President Franklin Roosevelt�s ‘‘black Cabinet.� Name the organization.’ |
|
Definition
| The National Urban League |
|
|
Term
| ‘498. This African American was a member of Admiral Robert E. Peary's expedition to the North Pole. Some records show that he was the first person to reach the Pole and place the American flag there. In 1912, he wrote of his experiences in A Negro Explorer at the North Pole. In 1945, the U.S. Congress awarded him a medal for ‘‘outstanding service to the Government of the United States in the field of science.’’ Name this explorer.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 499. In 1912, this black person, born to farmers in Clarendon Hills, Jamaica (1889), published his first two volumes of poetry: Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads. He had moved to the United States to study agriculture at Tuskegee under George Washington Carver, but left within a year. In 1919 he published �If We Must Die,� in The Liberator-- a poem about the bloody summer of 1919. The words are so powerful that Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain read it in the House of Commons during World War II and many British soldiers carried copies into battle. He was one of the distinctive poets of the Harlem Renaissance with poems such as Spring in New Hampshire (1920) and Harlem Shadows (1922). His first novel, Home to Harlem, was released in 1928, followed by Banjo: A Story Without a Plot (1929), and Banana Bottom (1933). Name this talented Harlem Renaissance poet and novelist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘500. W. C. Handy, founder of one of the first black-owned music publishing companies, is often called the ‘‘father of the blues’’ because he wrote some of the most notable and lasting blues songs. Two of his �blues� songs have city names in their title. Name the titles of these songs and the states where the cities are located.’ |
|
Definition
| ‘‘‘Memphis Blues’’ (Tennessee) and ‘‘St. Louis Blues’’ (Missouri). Also, ‘‘East St. Louis Blues’’ (Illinois)’ |
|
|
Term
| ‘501. He was the first black sprinter to hold the title ‘‘world's fastest human’’ by co-holding the world's record in the 100-yard dash (9.6 seconds) in 1914. During the previous two years (1912 and 1913) he held the AAU Championship in the 200-yard dash. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 502. In 1914, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) created a �medal� to award each year �to acknowledge the highest achievement by an American Negro�. The medal was named for a generous donor and chairperson of the NAACP Board of Directors from 1914-1919 and from 1931-1935. The medal was first awarded in 1915. Name this medal and for whom it was named. |
|
Definition
| Spingarn Medal (after Joel E. Spingarn) |
|
|
Term
| 503. This African American believed strongly that the black educated class had an obligation to uplift the African American masses. He founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and Culture in 1915, and later began publishing the Journal of Negro History. He also organized the first Negro History Week. He is called �Father of Negro History.� Name this educator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 504.1 Between 1915 and 1920, nearly one million African Americans moved from the agricultural South to the crowded urban cores of the North. What is the name given to this mass movement of people from the South to the North? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 504.2 Between 1915 and 1920, nearly one million African Americans moved from the agricultural South to the crowded urban cores of the North. This migration was part of a much larger movement of African Americans out of the South. Over the 1900-1930 period, about how many African Americans moved from the South primarily to urban centers of the North? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 505. In 1915, the first African American to win the NAACP's Spingarn Medal contributed significantly to the sciences despite racial prejudice. A noted zoologist and marine biologist, he taught at Howard University for 32 years and spent more than 20 summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He was the author of two major books connected to his research. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 506. In 1915, the first Black Catholic College in the United States opened in New Orleans, Louisiana. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 507. After experiencing settlement problems and growing racism in Kansas, many African Americans moved into another territory where they settled more than 30 towns between 1890 and 1916. These towns included Arkansas Colored, Boley, Liberty, Lincoln (later called Clearview), Marshalltown, Oktaha, Redbird, Rentiesville, Summit, Taft, and Wybark. Name the territory (now a state) where these towns were founded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 508. Marcus Garvey founded this organization that grew to more than six million members in the U.S. and other countries. The organization worked to increase black pride and to develop economic and educational self-help programs. Over time, it had a church, a newspaper, and 30 chapters around the world. Name the organization. |
|
Definition
| Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) |
|
|
Term
| 509. He worked as a field hand to earn money to attend Harvard University. In 1915, he graduated from Harvard Medical School with honors and fourth in his class. Barred from an internship at hospitals around Boston, he did his internship at Freedmen�s Hospital in Washington, D.C. He later enlisted in the U.S. Army and while serving, this physician introduced a new and successful method of vaccinating for smallpox. He received the NAACP Spingarn Medal in 1940 for his fight for racial equality and his contributions to medical science. Name this exceptional and gifted physician. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 510. In the October 6, 1917 issue of the Literary Digest, the editor commented on a new music that was gaining acceptance in the country: �A strange word has gained widespread use in the rank of our producers of popular music. It is used as an adjective descriptive of a band. The group that plays for dancing. . .seems infected with the virus that they try to instill as a stimulus in others. They shake and jump and writhe in ways to suggest a return to the medieval jumping mania.� The music that is being described has deep origins in Africa. It is thought to have borrowed from the blues, religious hymns and spirituals and parts of old French and Spanish music heard in New Orleans. This type of music spread to other areas, such as Chicago and Kansas City where it was modified. Name the music being described. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 511. On October 14, 1916, this African American, a sophomore student who played tackle and guard for the Rutgers University football team, was benched when the team from Washington and Lee University refused to play the game against an African American. Throughout his football career, he faced discrimination but kept his focus on the game and was named a football All-American twice. He later became a noted actor and international singer. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 512. This African American scientist and inventor is credited with saving the lives of millions of people around the world. His first major invention was a gas mask or smoke protector that won First Grand Prize at the Second International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety in 1914. Two years later in 1916, his gas mask proved successful when he save a number of men trapped in a tunnel filled with poison gases. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘513. This African American singer broke the color barrier in concert halls for black classical singers. In 1917, he was the first black person to sing in Symphony Hall in Boston and later was the first black singer to give a recital at Carnegie Hall in New York. He traveled throughout the United States and Europe and was considered the leading classical singer of any race during the 1920 and for several decades afterwards. In 1925, he received the Spingarn Medal for ‘‘most outstanding achievement among colored people.’’ Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 514. This African American was born in Jacksonville, Florida in 1871 to a middle-class family. When he graduated from Atlanta University, he became a school teacher in Jacksonville, Florida. He later became a lawyer before moving to New York City and finding a career writing for Broadway. His poetry, however, helps to identify his wideranging talents. He published Fifty Years and Other Poems in 1917. Previously in 1912, he had published his novel, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. His novel was one of the most compelling and controversial books of the Harlem Renaissance. He, too, was the author of God�s Trombones (1927) and Saint Peter Relates an Incident of the Resurrection Day (1930). It is his anthology, A Book of American Negro Poetry, published in 1922 that set the bar for all African American poetry anthologies. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 515. In 1917, as many as 10,000 people marched down Fifth Avenue in this city in a silent protest sponsored by the NAACP against lynching. This protest was organized by James Weldon Johnson who had been appointed Field Secretary of the NAACP. Name the city where the march took place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘516.1 This entire military regiment won the Croix de Guerre (the Legion of Honor) from the French government for their bravery in World War I. The Germans called them ‘‘Hell Fighters,’’ but they referred to themselves as ‘‘Black Rattlers.’’ This black regiment joined the French Army at the front and spent 191 days in the trenches, the longest front-line service of any American regiment. Name the regiment and the two soldiers who were first to receive the highest award from the French government.’ |
|
Definition
| 369th Colored Infantry; Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts |
|
|
Term
| ‘516.2 An entire black military regiment won the Croix de Guerre (the Legion of Honor) from the French government for their bravery in World War I. The Germans called them ‘‘Hell Fighters,’’ but they referred to themselves as ‘‘Black Rattlers.’’ The Croix de Guerre was also awarded to the first African American combat pilot who had joined the French Foreign Legion and fought with France�s Flying Crops. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 517. This African American was a pioneer filmmaker. In 1918, he produced and directed Birthright, the first full-length black film. He made many movies, including The Homesteader and Body and Soul, the latter starring Paul Robeson. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 518. In 1918, he became the first black person to earn a first mate�s license on a U.S. Navy ship. In 1942, he became the first black captain of a U.S. merchant ship. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 519. In the summer of 1919 so much blood was shed in the 26 race riots in most large American cities, it has been called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 520. In 1919, this athlete became the first black person to play professional football for a major team (the Akron Indians). He previously had been the first black football player to play in the Rose Bowl. Name him. |
|
Definition
| ‘Frederick ‘‘Fritz’’ Pollard’ |
|
|
Term
| ‘521. He learned to play the piano at the age of six. He later dropped out of school in his teens to pursue a musical career and, by 1919, was considered one of New York�s top pianists. In 1922, he recorded ‘‘Birmingham Blues’’ and ‘‘Muscle Shoals Blues’’. He wrote many hit songs, including ‘‘Ain�t Misbehavin�,’’ Honeysuckle Rose,’’ ‘‘Blue Turning Gray Over You,’’ and ‘‘The Jitterbug Waltz.’’ By the end of the decade, he had written approximately 400 songs. He later appeared in the movie Stormy Weather in 1943 with Lena Horne, Bill Robinson, and Cab Calloway and his band. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
| Thomas Wright �Fats� Waller |
|
|
Term
| ‘522. In the 1920s, many African Americans called this place the ‘‘capital of the African American world.� Name it.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘523. In 1920, Andrew ‘‘Rube’’ Foster, an African American baseball manager called together other African American team owners in this city to organize the Negro National Baseball League (NNBL). Although Rube Foster was a great pitcher for the Chicago Union Giants, racking up 51 victories in his first year, he is best known for his role in organizing the Negro National Baseball League. In 1910, he organized one of the great teams in baseball, the Chicago American Giants. The league lasted for ten years and although he never had the chance to play in the major leagues, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1981. Name the city where the first meeting occurred to organize the NNBL.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 524. Although the NAACP and Urban League, two major civil rights organizations, were established to protect the rights of all people, particularly blacks, their main opponent in American society was an organization that had been established in Pulaski, Tennessee as early as May 1866. This organization had grown substantially over the years to spread hatred of blacks and to use any means necessary to undermine the freedom of blacks and restore white rule. In response to membership growth of the two civil rights organizations, this anti-black organization held an annual conference in Atlanta and thousands attended. In 1925, the membership in this anti-black organization reached 4 million, and they occupied powerful political positions in Texas, Oklahoma, Indiana, Oregon and even Maine. Name this organization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 526.1 The Harlem Renaissance is the term that describes a social, economic, and cultural explosion in the African American experience, starting with the movement of African Americans from Southern to the Northern cities in 1915 and continuing through the 1920s and 1930s. This movement coincided with growing employment opportunities that became available after World War I. As blacks concentrated in cities, there was a new cultural awareness and explosion where African Americans began to see (for the first time) their talents and they began to share ideas--all kinds of ideas. �. Name a _writer_ of this era. |
|
Definition
| Writers: Jessie Redmon Fauset, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Walter White, Angelina Weld Grimke, Arna Bontemps, Sterling A. Brown, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alain Locke, Charles Spurgeon Johnson, Mary White Ovington, A. Philip Randolph, Marcus Garvey, Arthur Schomburg, Booker T. Washington |
|
|
Term
| 526.2 The Harlem Renaissance is the term that describes a social, economic, and cultural explosion in the African American experience, starting with the movement of African Americans from Southern to the Northern cities in 1915 and continuing through the 1920s and 1930s. This movement coincided with growing employment opportunities that became available after World War I. As blacks concentrated in cities, there was a new cultural awareness and explosion where African Americans began to see (for the first time) their talents and they began to share ideas--all kinds of ideas. �. Name a _visual or performing artist_ of this era. |
|
Definition
| Visual and Performing Artists: Charles Gilpin, Paul Robeson, Jacob Lawrence, Augusta Savage, Aaron Douglas, Romare Bearden, Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Louis Armstrong, Eubie Blake, Bessie Smith, Fats Waller, Noble Sissle, Jelly Roll Morton, Billy Strayhorn, Lena Horne, Roland Hayes, Ella Fitzgerald, Bill Robinson, The Nicholas Brothers, Marian Anderson, Ethel Waters, Bert Williams, Ma Rainey, The Will Mastin Trio, The Dandridge Sisters, Cab Calloway, The King Cole Trio, Chick Webb, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk. |
|
|
Term
| 527. Although women and African Americans were barred from being commercial or military pilots until World War II, this woman became the first African American woman to hold a pilot�s license. She had to travel to France to get it. This woman believed she could soar above segregation and the discrimination of Jim Crow laws, but could not find anyone in the U.S. willing to teach her how to fly. In 1921 after receiving her license, she returned home to begin a successful career as the first black woman stunt pilot. She inspired other African Americans to become pilots and contradicted the belief that they could not and should not fly. Name her and the nickname she earned. |
|
Definition
| Bessie Coleman �Bess the Brave� |
|
|
Term
| 528. One of the most popular black musicals to open on Broadway was produced by Eubie Blake, a ragtime pianist and composer, and Noble Sissle. It was the first Broadway show to be written, produced and performed by blacks, and was the first to include jazz compositions. The show was so popular that crowds waiting to get tickets caused the city�s transportation department to change traffic routes near the theater. The show ran a record 504 performances. Name the musical. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 529. In 1921, Henry Pace organized the Pace Phonographic Corporation. It was the first record company owned and operated by an African American. What was the label name used on its records? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘530. A number of race riots occurred after World War I. On May 30, 1921, an incident in this town sparked widespread anger between whites and blacks. As many as 200 African Americans and 50 whites were killed. One account noted that the riot was unequal in American history in terms of destruction. One of America�s most thriving African American business districts called ‘‘Wall Street of the South’’ was destroyed. Where did this race riot take place?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘531. Robert Douglas, an African American from Harlem, formed the first all-black professional basketball team. This black-owned team dominated the game during the 1920s, beating every team, including the Boston Celtics. Over 26 years of play, the team posted 2,318 wins and only 381 losses. John Wooden, who coached the UCLA basketball team to ten national championships, called them ‘‘the best team I ever saw.’’ Name this basketball team.’ |
|
Definition
| New York Renaissance, referred to as the Rens |
|
|
Term
| 532. In the 1920s, this theatre in Harlem became the most prestigious black entertainment center in the country and continued to be so until the 1960s. Some say that no black entertainer became successful without first playing in this theatre. At one time, aspiring artists gathered under an old elm tree, known as the �Tree of Hope� in Harlem before entertaining. When the tree was cut down, the stump was later placed in this theatre where young amateur performers stroked it for luck. Name the theatre. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 533. This street in Memphis was once the home of wealthy cotton planters before the Civil War. In the 1920s it became a center of the black neighborhood. Here black musicians flourished, including W.C. Handy. The Daisy Theatre located on this street attracted top black entertainers at the time. The street began to decay in the 1950s but has been restored as a tourist attraction. Name the street. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 534. In 1923, this African American inventor sold his patent for an automatic traffic signal to General Electric for $40,000. Before his device was used, traffic control signals were operated manually by a police officer. His invention made traffic move more smoothly and safely . Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘535. In 1923, this African American female was called the ‘‘Queen of the Blues’’ after she recorded ‘‘Down Hearted Blues,’’ a song written by Alberta Hunter and Lovie Austin. The song sold 800,000 copies almost immediately--the first major hit for Columbia Records. It eventually sold more than a million copies. One of her most famous recordings was �Nobody Knows You When You�re Down and Out.� Name this major blues performer.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 536. In 1923, Governor J.C. Walton declared war on the Ku Klux Klan by placing his entire state under martial law. When Walton called out the National Guard to put down the Klan's rebellion against state authorities, many legislators called for his resignation. Walton was finally ousted by the state senate for his anti-Klan measures. Name the state where this occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 537. In 1924, the first Negro League World Series was played in Kansas City, Missouri between what two teams? |
|
Definition
| Kansas City Monarchs and the Hilldale Club of Philadelphia (Monarchs won) |
|
|
Term
| 538. This track and field athlete of the University of Michigan won the broad jump at the Olympic Games in Paris. He became the first black athlete to win an individual Olympic gold medal. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘539. In 1925, this African American philosopher, writer, professor at Howard University and the first African American Rhodes scholar (1907), created the term ‘‘New Negro’’. The term taken from his book, The New Negro, conveyed a renewed confidence and pride among African Americans. He is sometimes called the ‘‘official father of the Harlem Renaissance.� Name the author.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 540. This poet, born in Baltimore, became an influential voice of the Harlem Renaissance when he published his book of poetry, Color, in 1925. His later works included Copper Sun, another book of poetry and One Way to Heaven, a novel. As a young boy, he was adopted by the pastor of Salem Methodist Episcopal Church in Harlem. In school, he distinguished himself academically and received a B.A. degree from New York University and a master�s degree from Harvard. He also worked as assistant editor of Opportunity magazine of the National Urban League between 1926 and 1928. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 541. Because labor unions prohibited blacks from becoming members and discrimination in the workplace was commonplace, blacks were generally concentrated in jobs that paid low wages with no benefits, were the most dangerous, and those where abuse of workers was frequent. This was the case for this group of workers. In 1925, A. Philip Randolph organized a labor union for them, and although it was a struggle, these workers finally received higher wages and better working conditions. For his work, Randolph is considered the �Father of African American Unionism.� Name the group of workers he organized. |
|
Definition
| Railroad Sleeping Car Porters |
|
|
Term
| 542. This black artist of the Harlem Renaissance is perhaps best known for his four murals at the Schomburg Center for Black Culture in New York City. The murals illustrate James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones and much of Alain Locke's The New Negro. He grew up in Kansas and studied art in the United States and Paris. He earned his Master�s Degree from Columbia University. His drawings appeared in many publications, including the Crisis and Opportunity. He received many commissions to create his powerful paintings as wall murals, including one for the Cravath Library at Fisk University. He said, �I refuse to compromise and see blacks as anything less than a proud and majestic people.� This artist also founded Fisk University�s Art Department and taught there until his retirement in 1966. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 543. Countee Cullen's Color, Claude McKay's Harlem Shadows, and W.E.B. Du Bois' The Gift of Black Folk were important publications that contributed to what movement in the 1920s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 544. He was the first African American author to have a long-running Broadway hit. It happened when his play, Mulatto, opened at the Vanderbilt Theatre on October 24, 1935 and ran for 373 performances until December 9, 1937. It was one of the most successful plays and the second longest running on Broadway up to this time. A reviewer in the New York Times said: �Mulatto is flaming with sincerity. . . after a season devoted chiefly to trash, it is a sobering sensation to sit in the presence of a playwright who is trying his best to tell what is on his mind.� In addition to being a playwright, this author was a poet. In fact, his first volume of poetry, Weary Blues, was published in 1926. His role in the Harlem Renaissance was considerable. He wrote and published two volumes of poetry, more than 60 short stories, many dramas, operas, and anthologies as well as two autobiographies. Two of his most popular novels were Not Without Laughter and One Way Ticket. For about 22 years, he wrote a weekly newspaper column for the Chicago Defender and then for the New York Post. In 1960, he won the Spingarn Medal and in the following year, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In February 2002, he was honored when the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage stamp commending his contribution to American culture. Name this writer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 545. The American Bar Association (ABA) expelled William H. Lewis, a graduate of Amherst College and the Harvard Law School, from its organization in 1912 when leaders discovered he was black. They defended their action by claiming that the association was primarily a social organization. In 1925, black lawyers led by George H. Woodson, a Howard Law School graduate, organized a similar association for black lawyers. In 1926, they incorporated into an association whose mission was to elevate their profession. Name their association. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 546. Although Howard University was established in 1867 to educate African Americans, the first African American president was not appointed until June 1926. After his appointment, he remained president for 34 years. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 547. As a child, this five-year old African American girl appeared as a singer in a church program. She later became an entertainer in nightclubs and vaudeville. Her Broadway debut was in Africana in 1927 which was followed by a national tour in As Thousands Cheer in 1934. In this play, she co-starred with white players--the first of her race to appear in an integrated play south of the Mason-Dixon line. In 1939, she made history again when she became the first of her race to perform a leading role in a dramatic play on Broadway--Mamba�s Daughters. In 1940, she appeared on stage in Cabin in the Sky and later appeared in the movie version. She appeared in Beulah on ABC TV in 1950--the first black person to star in a scheduled comedy program on television. In 1957, she joined with the evangelist Billy Graham and toured with his crusades for almost 20 years. Her signature gospel hymn was �His Eye Is on the Sparrow.� Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 548. When Chicago's voters elected him to the U.S. Congress in 1928, he was the first African American Congressman since 1901 and the first elected from the North. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 549. In the 1920s and 1930s this city becomes a jazz center and the development of a certain style of jazz. This style includes solo improvisations and special playing of the brass section. This new style was showcased by Count Basie and his band which was organized in this city. Charles �Bird� Parker, the noted saxophonist, was also part of this movement. Name the city. |
|
Definition
| Kansas City, Missouri (Kansas City jazz) |
|
|
Term
| 550. In 1929, three historically black colleges agreed to affiliate and offer an exciting new intellectual experience for black students. It would be the first historically black college or university to offer graduate degrees for African Americans. John Hope, president of Morehouse, was selected president of the new university. Name it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘551. She was called the ‘‘First Lady of Jazz’’. Her first big break came in the 1930s when she began singing with Chick Webb and his band at the Harlem Opera House. She would become the top female jazz singers--a title she held until her death. Who was she?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘552. In 1927, this band leader signed a contract with the famous Cotton Club in New York City and his music career literally soared over the next several decades. At the Cotton Club, he had a weekly broadcast that gave him not only national exposure but access to other opportunities and top jazz musicians. Within a short time, he starred in his first movie, conducted a stage show with noted vaudeville stars, and recorded numerous compositions with other great musicians. In 1933, he was advised to take his music to England and other European countries. After becoming an international sensation there, he returned home and toured the segregated South in 1934. He received rave reviews there as well. . .with music such as ‘‘Mood Indigo’’ (1930), ‘‘It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)’’ (1932), ‘‘Sophisticated Lady’’ (1933), ‘‘Solitude’’ (1934), ‘‘In a Sentimental Mood’’ (1935), ‘‘Caravan’’ (1937), and ‘‘Take the ‘‘A’’ Train’’ which hit big in 1941 (written by Billy Strayhorn). In the 1950s, he did the film score of Anatomy of a Murder (1957), followed by Paris Blues (1961) and others. In the late 1950s, he teamed up with famous jazz icon Ella Fitzgerald to record his greatest songs--a recognition of his contribution to music throughout the world. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
| Edward Kennedy �Duke� Ellington (see additional information in Part V: Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| ‘553. This famous jazz singer�s sad life is described in her autobiography, Lady Sings The Blues. She appeared with Count Basie�s orchestra and had many hit records including ‘‘God Bless the Child.’’ She was called �Lady Day.� Who was she?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 554. In the 1930s, this African American became widely known as the �Father of the Gospel Song� because of his important role in the development of African American gospel music. Although he started his career as a blues pianist and songwriter, he later was co-founder of the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses. He is credited with writing more than 2,000 gospel songs--songs that combined blues and traditional African American religious music. His most notable gospel songs include �If You See My Savior� and his best known song is �Precious Lord, Take My Hand, Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 555. In 1930, this foundation built its 500th black school. As early as 1883, it had contributed $25,000 for the construction of buildings at Tuskegee Institute and schools in Macon County, Alabama. Over a period of time, this foundation contributed approximately $4.2 million toward the construction of more than 5,000 schools for black children in the South. The foundation received additional funds when the philanthropist who initiated this became head of Sears, Roebuck, and Company. Name the foundation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 556. In 1931, this African American became the leader of the NAACP. As executive secretary during World War II, he traveled to the South to investigate the lynching of blacks. Name this leader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 557. This African American poet was one of the leading writers of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote more than 30 books on the African American experience, including Black Thunder, a book about the slave rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser in 1800. He was also a poet, novelist, biographer, playwright, and author of children�s books. He received many awards including the Crisis Magazine Prize for poetry in 1926. From 1943 to 1965, he was the head librarian at Fisk University. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 558. This African American was a gifted child and attended Tuskegee Institute at age 13. He later attended the Horner Institute of Fine Arts in Kansas City, Missouri and earned a Master�s Degree from the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago. In 1931, he returned to Tuskegee to create the School of Music and became the conductor of the Tuskegee Choir. The choir became so successful that it later performed at the grand opening of Radio City Music Hall in New York and for Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt. He composed a number of symphonies that captured American folk music and spirituals. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘559. This choreographer was a pioneer in restoring the African and Caribbean heritage to dance in America. It was her featured role as �Georgia Brown� in Cabin in the Sky that allowed others to see her as a great artist. Because of her choreography and her inclusion of primitive and folk dances that reflected black culture, she became known as the ‘‘mother of African American (or Afro-American) dance.’’ Name her.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 560. This African American poet published his first volume of poems, Southern Road, in 1932. Some claim that his poems capture Black dialect better than even Paul Laurence Dunbar. After attending Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C. and being exposed to great teachers like Jessie Remond Fauset, Carter G. Woodson, and Angelina Grimke, he graduated from Williams College and earn a master�s degree from Harvard. He taught at Fisk, Lincoln, and Atlanta Universities before joining the faculty of Howard University in 1929 where he remained for the next 40 years. His works included Outline for the Study of the Poetry of American Negroes, The Negro in American Fiction (1937), and Negro Poetry and Drama (1937). The latter became the leading work in African American literary criticism. In 1941, he co-edited The Negro Caravan, an anthology of Afro-American literature and folk material. In 1975, his second book of poetry, The Last Ride of Wild Bill, was published. Name this poet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 561. This African American writer studied black folklore. Among her notable books are Tell My Horse (1930), Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), Mules and Men (1937), and Their Eyes Were Watching God (1938). Name this important African American writer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 562. This African American received as many as 61 patents. In 1935, he developed the first automatic refrigeration system for trucks--an invention that changed the eating habits of the entire nation. He later developed air conditioning units for military field hospitals and field kitchens. He received little credit for his accomplishments during his life; however, in 1991, the National Medal of Technology was awarded to him�30 years after his death. Name this inventor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 563. African American writers such as Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison advanced their careers with funds from this federal project. Between 1935 and 1939, this project, established by President Franklin Roosevelt in his New Deal plan, funded many artists. Jacob Lawrence was one of the most notable successes from this project. Katherine Dunham, choreographer, and Aaron Douglas, artist, also received funds. Name the federal project. |
|
Definition
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) |
|
|
Term
| 564. In 1935, this African American became the first black Democrat in the U.S. Congress, breaking a long tradition of only black Republicans in Congress. He beat Oscar DePriest in the Illinois First Congressional District election to take his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Name this person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 565. In 1935, this African American educator and political advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt established the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) to fight racial and gender discrimination. The organization grew rapidly, and in the 1970s, it was one of the largest organizations of African American women in the country--with more than 3 million members. Name this female leader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘566. This African American athlete, born on an Alabama sharecropping farm, won three individual and one team gold medal in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. He became the first Olympian ever to win four gold medals. Adolf Hitler left the stadium to avoid congratulating him. The athlete had, for the moment, triumphed over international racism and Nazi white superiority. Because of his speed, he was called the ‘‘Ebony Antelope.’’ In the 1976, U.S. President Gerald Ford awarded him the Medal of Freedom for his contribution to the ideals of freedom and democracy. In 1998, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp celebrating his college and Olympian victories. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 567. In 1937, Joe Louis, the son of Alabama sharecroppers, earned the title of heavyweight boxing champion of the world by defeating Jim J. Braddock. Known internationally as the �Brown Bomber�, how long did he retain the world heavyweight boxing championship before he retired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 568. He became the first African American to serve as a U.S. federal judge. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to the federal district court in the Virgin Islands in 1937. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 569. This African American woman became the first black woman lawmaker when she was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature in 1938. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 570. She became the first African American female judge when, in 1939, she was appointed to the New York City Court of Domestic Relations. She was a graduate of Yale Law School in 1931. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 571. In 1939, this actress won the first Academy Award (the Oscar) ever given to a black performer. She earned the Oscar as best supporting actress for her role in Gone with the Wind. Name her. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 572. In February 27, 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) denied an African American opera singer permission to perform in Washington, D.C.'s Constitution Hall. At the time, she was one of the most celebrated opera singers in the world. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from the DAR to protest their action and the Secretary of Interior, Harold Ickes, intervened to offer the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday for the concert. As many as 75,000 people, including members of Congress and the President�s cabinet, attended the concert. As a child, this African American female, born in Philadelphia, sang professionally to earn money for the family. She made her operatic debut in Europe in 1930. The singer was not allowed to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York until 1955, when she became the first Black singer to perform there. Name the singer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 573. This African American sociologist graduated with honors from Howard University, received a master�s degree from Clark University, and a doctorate degree from the University of Chicago. He published several important books on the African American experience. His first book, The Negro Family in the United States (1939), focused on black families moving from the rural South to the urban North. He also wrote The Black Bourgeoisie (1959), a study that was highly critical of the �materialistic� values of the black middle class. His work was held in such high esteem that his colleagues elected him the first African American head of the American Sociological Society in 1948. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 574. On July 13, 1898, this African American college student entered military service. His first duty was in the U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment, one of the original Buffalo Soldier units. Over his long career, this soldier served in the Spanish American War and World War II. He also spent some time as a Professor of Military Science and Tactics at Wilberforce University and Tuskegee University. After roughly 42 years of service, he was promoted to Brigadier General, becoming the first African American general in the United States Army. Over his career, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and Bronze Star. He also received the Croix de Guerre award from France. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 575. In 1940, approximately five million blacks lived in a broad stretch of land in the South. Here, 180 counties had majority black populations and another 290 had proportions of blacks ranging from 30 to 50 percent. What was the name given to this area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 576. Between 1900 and 1940, the movement of large numbers of African Americans from the South to places in the Northeast, Midwest, and West dramatically changed the geography of this country and most particularly the geography of the African Americans. In the specific context of African Americans, fully 90 percent of them resided in the South in 1900, with only four percent in the Northeast and six percent in the Midwest and West. Over the next four decades, what percent of African Americans lived in these broad geographic regions--South, Northeast, Midwest and West? |
|
Definition
| 77 percent in the South; 11 percent in the Northeast; and 12 percent in the Midwest and West. |
|
|
Term
| ‘577. In 1940, the U.S. Army announced the formation of a training school for black pilots. Called the ‘‘Home of Black Aviation,’’ the school was located in the same town as the famous black college founded by Booker T. Washington. What is the name of this town?’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 578. At Tuskegee, Alabama, the nation�s first black military pilots were trained by a person who was frequently called �the father of black Aviation.� He taught himself to fly in the 1920s and was most instrumental in teaching black pilots in the 1940s. Some claim that it was his training of the all-black 332nd Fighter Group of the Army Air Force that made them so successful in flying scouting and bombing escort missions in Italy during World War II. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘579. Native Son, a ‘‘black protest’’ novel became an immediate bestseller in 1940. As a result, the author became internationally renowned and the first black writer to have a novel become a Book-of-the-Month Club selection. In collaboration with Paul Green, this writer brought this compelling story to the St. James Theatre on March 24, 1941. It lasted only 97 performances, but it was selected as one of the ten best plays of the season. Others saw it as an �overwhelming play� and the World Telegram said it was �stamped with genius.� This was the first and only time this author would bring a story to Broadway. Name him.’ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 580. On April 7, 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp to honor this African American for his contribution to the overall well being of black Americans and the country, in general. This was the first stamp issued to honor an African American. Name the person honored. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 581. On June 5, 1940, Frederick O�Neal and Abram Hill formed a theater in Harlem. It produced several plays on Broadway and launched the careers of several noted actors and actresses including Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, and Ruby Dee. Name the theater. |
|
Definition
| The American Negro Theater |
|
|
Term
| 582. This African American is cited as the most widely praised artist of the 20th century. His paintings of the lives, dreams, and struggles of African Americans are among the most respected of any artist. His paintings show his deep understanding of African American history, particularly in his series paintings of The Life of Frederick Douglass (1938), and The Migration of the Negro (1940-41). In 1970, he became the first African American artist to be awarded the NAACP�s Spingarn Award. One of his paintings is on the cover of a well-documented African American reference book, Black Saga: The African American Experience. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 583. In 1940, this U.S. President signed the Selective Service Act which allowed Blacks to enter all branches of the U.S. Military Service. Name him. |
|
Definition
| President Franklin D. Roosevelt |
|
|
Term
| 584. After writing a dissertation on �Banked Blood� to receive a medical degree from Columbia University, this African American physician was selected by the American Red Cross to head the �Plasma for Britain Project�. In 1940 during World War II, a group of concerned leaders at the American Red Cross believed that England was faced with possible invasion from Germany and that it would need lifesaving blood for both the civilian and the military populations there. They created The Blood Transfusion Betterment Association in New York collect blood for shipment to the British Isles. As the director of the project, it was this physician�s leadership skills and knowledge of blood plasma that produced a successful outcome in Britain and eventually saved millions of civilians and soldiers during WWII and thereafter. Name him. |
|
Definition
| Charles Drew (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| 585.1 In World War II (1941-1945), blacks served admirably in many branches of the armed forces despite widespread discrimination. The U.S Navy admitted racial prejudice when more it assigned more than 258 black sailors at this unsafe ammunition storage port in this city. An explosion occurred where as many as 350 people died, including 202 African Americans. When they were asked to return to the site to continue loading live ammunition, as many as 50 refused and were court-marshaled and sent to prison. Name the place where this event occurred. |
|
Definition
| Port Chicago, California. |
|
|
Term
| 585.2 In World War II (1941-1945), blacks served admirably in many branches of the armed forces despite widespread discrimination � About how many black men served in World War II? |
|
Definition
| About one million, about 8.7 percent of the all U.S. forces. |
|
|
Term
| 586. Jacob Lawrence helped to lay the foundation for many upcoming African American artists seeking to display their individuality. In an effort to cope with personal discrimination directed at him, he captured the art of the historical and contemporary political and social struggles of African Americans. One of his most noted art series was presented between 1940 and 1941 and included sixty panels of paintings illustrating several geographic themes. It is this series that continues to enjoy considerable success and some art lovers have called this series his greatest accomplishment. Name the title given to this series of paintings. |
|
Definition
| The Migration of the Negro |
|
|
Term
| 587. This African American leader was selected President of the National Negro Congress and immediately called for a united front against discrimination, racism, and segregation in American life. He advocated the use of tactics like �mass demonstrations, such as parades, picketing, boycotting, protests, the mass distribution of propaganda literature, as well as legal action.� His call for a march on Washington in 1941 persuaded President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order No. 8802 which prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry. Name this leader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 588. In 1941, this President issued Executive Order 8802 that prohibited employers from discriminating against African Americans in the war industries and government services because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The Order came in response to the threat of a large protest march on Washington, D.C. by A. Philip Randolph. This Executive Order, the first major presidential action since Reconstruction, did little to change racial discrimination in these jobs because industries found ways around it. Name the President who issued the order. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 589. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt announced a $350 million emergency shipbuilding program that resulted in 2,750 Liberty ships being built in the nation�s shipyards by the end of World War II. Seventeen Liberty ships were named after African Americans even during a time when the Army and Navy were racially segregated. Name some of the Liberty ships honoring African Americans: |
|
Definition
| Robert S. Abbott, John Merrick, Robert J. Banks, John H. Murphy, George Washington Carver, Edward A. Savoy, William Cox, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert L. Vann, Paul Laurence Dunbar, James K. Walker, John Hope, Booker T. Washington James Weldon, Johnson Bert Williams, George A. Lawson |
|
|
Term
| 590. In 1941, this 22-year old black man, earned his doctorate degree in mathematics from the University of Illinois. The son of a railroad worker, he was the only black person at the University of Illinois at the time and became one of the top students in theoretical mathematics. He later spent a decade at Howard University and wrote the classic Theory of Games and Statistical Decision with Jimmie Savage. He moved to the University of California in Berkeley in 1954. There he continued to make a name for himself in the field of statistics game theory and decision theory. These mathematical concepts can apply to real world problems to solve problems like scheduling, safety, and maintenance. He published widely, served as department chairman, and had many graduate students. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 591. The first Liberty ship named after an African American was built and launched in 1942. It was christened by a famous African American opera singer who had been barred from performing at Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution because she was black. What is the name of this ship and who christened it? |
|
Definition
| Booker T. Washington and it was christened by Marian Anderson |
|
|
Term
| 592. This African American was the commander of the Booker T. Washington, the first Liberty ship named after an African American. In his autobiography, he stated the following: �If there was ever a moment when the real meaning of democracy could and had to be demonstrated to the peoples of the world, the moment was now! And what was America�s answer in this hour of need? A Jim Crow ship! Named for a Negro, chris - tened by a Negro, captained by a Negro, and no doubted manned by Negroes.� Name the captain of the Booker T. Washington. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ‘593. This African American musician, born in Montgomery, Alabama, formed his own band at the age of 17. His first hit came in 1941 with ‘‘Sweet Lorraine’’ and a string of hits followed: ‘‘I Love You for Sentimental Reasons’’, ‘‘Mona Lisa’’, and ‘‘Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Days of Summer’’. He starred in more than a dozen movies, including St. Louis Blues and Cat Ballou. This superb pianist and singer was not just the first African American to have his own network radio show that ran for 78 weeks in 1956, he also became the first black entertainer to host his own weekly TV variety show. After his death in 1965, he received a Lifetime Achievement Grammy for breaking down racial barriers and being one of the nation�s best entertainers. Name this person.’ |
|
Definition
| ‘Nat ‘‘King’’ Cole (Nathaniel Adams Cole)’ |
|
|
Term
| 594. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), a non-violent action-oriented civil rights group, was founded by James Farmer, Bayard Rustin and others in Chicago, Illinois in 1941. Farmer became the group�s national director in 1961. CORE successfully used a tactic in breaking down the color line during the civil rights movement. Farmer directed the use of this tactic first in 1947 against discrimination in Chicago restaurants. Name the tactic they used. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 595. The first class of pilots trained at the U.S. Army�s training school for black pilots at Tuskegee, Alabama included Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a West Point graduate, and Lts. George Roberts, Mac Ross, Charles DeBow, and Rodney Curtis. What was the name of this all-black flight squadron? |
|
Definition
| ‘99th Pursuit Squadron, commonly known as the ‘‘Black Eagles’’’ |
|
|
Term
| 596. This African American was first refused admission to the U.S. Army Air Corps because he was black, so instead he enlisted into the regular Army. In May 1942, when he learned that the Army Air Corps had changed their policy, he was accepted for pilot training under the �Tuskegee Experiment�. During his career as one of the Tuskegee Airmen, he flew 169 combat missions, including bomber cover, convoy escort, scrambles, reconnaissance, and strafing. He became the first African American �flying ace.� He was the recipient of more than 18 Air medals, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and Special Citations from Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. Name this person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 597. This African American graduated from the Teacher�s College of Columbia University with a master�s degree in religious education. He succeeded his father as pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem in 1938 when he was just 20 years old. He used his position as minister of one of the largest churches in the country to organize black people to support social, political, and economic empowerment. In 1939, he organized the Coordinating Committee for Employment and created the phrase �Don�t buy where you can�t work� His political power among blacks in Harlem got him elected to the city council of New York in 1941. In 1944, he joined A. Philip Randolph and others to politically redraw the boundaries of Harlem, and during the same year he was elected Harlem�s first black congressmen. Name this person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 598. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii. This African American, assigned to the U.S. Navy as a cook and not trained to use the big guns due to widespread racial discrimination, took over the guns after the white gunner had been killed and shot down four Japanese planes. Name this hero and the ship on which he served. |
|
Definition
| Dorie Miller; USS West Virginia |
|
|
Term
| 599. After his death, this African American was awarded the Navy Cross for heroic action aboard the USS San Francisco in Battle of Guadalcanal. He was serving as mess attendant first class on the ship when Japanese aircraft struck. This hero rushed to help evacuate the wounded and was killed as he shielded an injured shipmate from gunfire. In 1943, the Secretary of the Navy announced the naming of a navy vessel in his honor, the first U.S. warship named for a black man. The ship bearing his name was christened by his mother and launched on July 25, 1943. Name this WW II naval hero. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 600. This talented black first baseman with the Homestead Grays was called the �black Lou Gehrig.� He played 17 years with this Negro Baseball League team, the longest term of service with one team in Negro leagues history. During his career in the 1930s and 1940s, he batted .341 and ranked among the leaders in home runs. Along with Josh Gibson they made a powerful �1-2 punch� for the Homestead Grays. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Name him. |
|
Definition
|
|
