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| ���1. What is the word used to describe the ���great scattering��� of African people from their communities in Africa to other parts of the world? |
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| 2. The continent of Africa is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea to the east. A narrow strip of land in its northeast corner connects it to the Arabian Peninsula and beyond that to Asia and Europe. How does Africa rank in physical size in relation to other continents? |
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| 3. There is evidence that Africans came to the Americas as early as the 8th century. Sculptures reflecting African influence are found in several towns in Mexico. Name the civilization or culture in Mexico that reflects African influence. |
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| 4. In West Africa three great empires emerged between A.D. 500 and 1600. Each had a powerful army and controlled great wealth. Name these powerful African empires. |
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| 5. Two African leaders transformed a small African state on the upper Niger River to the great empire of Mali. One ruler began the process, but growth was initially slow. Mali grew considerably faster after the 1300s when a new ruler came to power, and most particularly when he returned from a pilgrimage to the holy land of Mecca. He directed his architects to design great buildings in Timbuktu and other cities under his control. Afterwards, the empire grew into a strong political and economic society. Name these two leaders. |
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| Sundiata Keita (began process) and Mansa Musa |
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| 6. Name the formal religion practiced by most residents of Songhai during the period between A.D. 500 and 1600. |
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| 7. In the ancient African empires of Ghana and Mali, what metal was especially important to their growth and power? |
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| 8. What major river valley contributed to the social, economic, and political growth of three ancient African empires--Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? |
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| 9. Although it is said that about two-thirds of the gold used to mint coins in Europe and the Arab world came from the Songhai region, another mineral was sometimes more precious than gold to the people of Songhai. What was this mineral? |
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| 10. During the period between A.D. 500 and 1600, what great city in Songhai grew to have a population of more than 100,000 residents and had a business, religious, and intellectual center? |
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| 11. This country sent sailors out to explore the coast of West Africa. Under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, in 1441, they captured no less than ten Africans people as gifts to Prince Henry. Name the country. |
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| 12. The Portuguese and Spanish sailors, in the mid 1400s began frequent raids of West African coastal countries such as Senegal, Guinea, Ghana, and the Ivory Coast to capture Africans and sell them to the wealthy. By 1449, it is believed that about how many Africans lived in Portugal alone? |
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| 13. In 1481 a West African ruler gave the Portuguese permission to build a trading outpost in what is today the country of Ghana. This outpost, built in 1482, became the first of many slave factories built by Europeans along the west coast of Africa. Hundreds of thousands of captives were packed into this trading outpost until they were crammed and shackled onto Portuguese and Spanish (and later Dutch and English) ships. Name this trading outpost. |
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| 14. Blacks were among the first explorers of the Western Hemisphere. In 1492, an African was the pilot of the Santa Maria, one of Columbus' ships. Name him. |
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| 15. In 1502, what country was the first to bring a cargo of enslaved Africans into the Western Hemisphere? |
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| 16. Africans were members of the expedition of Pedro Mendez that founded the oldest city in the United States. Name the city. |
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| 17. In 1522, where did the first major rebellion by enslaved Africans occur in the Americas? |
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| Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic today) |
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| 18. In 1526, enslaved Africans rebelled in a Spanish territory that later became an English colony and then a state of the United States. Name it. |
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| 19. Estevanico, a famous black explorer and guide, explored territory that became these two states of the United States. Name them. |
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| 20. Enslaved Africans brought a popular string musical instrument to America in the 17th century. Few African Americans play it today. Name the instrument. |
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| 22. In 1621, this small European country created a company that almost immediately challenged Portugal's control of the slave trade in Africa. By the mid 17th century, it had taken control of the major trading routes in the Americas and the Caribbean. It was these traders who brought the first Africans to the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. Name this country and the company that controlled the slave trade at the time. |
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| Holland and the Dutch West India Company |
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| 23. In 1623, the first black child was born in the American colonies. He was born to Isabella and Anthony Johnson. He was born free because neither of his parents was enslaved. Name him. |
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| 24. In 1627, tobacco exports soared from 180,000 to about 500,000 pounds pounds in this year alone. Tobacco was the important cash crop for several colonies. This English ruler was heard to say that Virginia was ���wholly built on smoke.��� Name the ruler who said this. |
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| 25. In 1634, farmers in the Chesapeake Bay region imported white and black indentured servants and later, enslaved Africans to profitably grow this crop. It became an important export crop because of its popularity in Europe. In Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, vast areas were devoted to this crop. Plantation owners imported large numbers of enslaved blacks to cultivate it, dry its leaves, and pack it for transport to the market. Name this crop. |
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| ���26. Slavery on the mainland of North America began in the ������tidewater region������ of the Chesapeake colonies. Name the colonies that made up the Chesapeake tidewater region.��� |
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Definition
| Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina |
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| 27. In 1636, the majority of newcomers to the Virginia Colony were servants. About how many servants were imported to Virginia during the entire Colonial period? |
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| 28. According to the journal of John Winthrop, an important settler in the Massachusetts colony, when was the first cargo of enslaved Africans brought to New England? |
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| 29. In 1638, the first enslaved Africans arrived in New England along with a cargo of salt, cotton, and tobacco, aboard a ship called _______. |
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| 30. The first known incident of an African becoming enslaved in the United States occurred in 1640 when this person ran away with two white servants. After their capture, the white servants had their work time increased by five years, while the African became a ���servant for life���. Name him. |
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| 31. In 1640, Virginia had ____ percent of all black people in the colonies. |
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| 32. Rice cultivation in the United States can be traced to enslaved Africans from rice-producing areas of Africa being brought to colonial South Carolina. Some of these slaves had previously been brought from the interior of Africa to the West Coast where they were taught how to grow rice before being sold. Enslaved blacks with this expertise were more valuable than others in the world market. The rice region in Africa may have contributed more than 40 percent of the enslaved Africans to colonial South Carolina. Name this major rice-producing region in Africa. |
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| 33. In 1641, what colony became the first to recognize slavery as a legal institution? |
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| 34. In 1642, Virginia passed a law to stop people from helping runaway enslaved Africans. Individuals could be fined for each night he or she sheltered a runaway. What fine was imposed? |
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| 35. In 1644, eleven blacks, who were among the founders of this settlement in the Hudson River Valley, asked for their freedom because they had served their years of servitude. This probably was the first organized protest by blacks in America. Each received land in what is now Greenwich Village in New York City. In what colony did these events occur? |
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| New Netherlands (New York) |
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| 36. Enslaved Africans delivered to the West Indies were likely to work on a plantation that grew __________ . |
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| 37. How long would it take for a typical slave ship traveling from Gambia, the Gold Coast, Guinea, or Senegal to reach New England, the Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, or the West Indies? |
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| 38. In the 17th century, Europeans initially established large land-holdings in the Americas, but soon divided the land into smaller units under private ownership. These smaller parcels of land were popular in the Middle Atlantic and Southern colonies where labor intensive crops, such as tobacco and rice were grown. To perform the hard work and long hours needed to clear land, plant, tend, and harvest these crops (sometimes as much as 18-hours per day), land owners began to import European immigrants. Immigrants, however, became reluctant to do this intensive labor because they had come to America to own land, not to work for others. Convicts from Britain���s prisons were used, but there was too few of them to satisfy the tremendous demand for labor. Planters then began purchasing enslaved black people, first from the West Indies, then directly from Africa. Busy slave markets emerged in Philadelphia, Richmond, Savannah, Charleston, and New Orleans. What were these parcels of land called? |
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| 39. During the 17th century, enslaved black women were expected to have four or five children by the age of twenty. Planters encouraged child-bearing and would provide the enslaved woman freedom if she had this number of children. How many? |
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Definition
| 15 children (fifteen children) |
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| 40. In 1645, the first American slave ship bound for Africa sailed from Boston. Name the ship. |
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| 41. What is the name of the system begun in Virginia by which planters could claim 50 acres of land for each indentured servant brought into the colony? |
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| 42. On July 24, 1651, one of the first 20 black settlers in Jamestown received 250 acres of land for importing five indentured persons. He later received more than 650 additional acres. This black family had more than 1,000 acres of land and formed one of the first permanent black communities in the colony. Name the family. |
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Definition
| Anthony Johnson and his family |
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| 43. By 1652, laws in some colonies protected the limited rights of indentured servants. For example, a servant could receive money, clothes, land, and other property when his/her service contract ended. What did colonists call the materials the servants received? |
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| 44. In 1655, this enslaved African sued for her freedom and won. She argued that: 1) her father was a free man, and by law she inherited her father's condition; 2) she had been baptized, implying that a Christian could not be a enslaved for life; and 3) she had been sold to another planter even after serving nine years as an indentured servant. Name her. |
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| 45. On March 13, 1660, this colony passed a law that placed a tax on the sale of enslaved Africans. It is considered the first law making enslaved Africans 'chattel' property (tangible property other than land or buildings). Name the colony. |
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| 46. As early as 1657, this colony had established a militia to track down runaway servants. Roughly a year later, it had lowered import duties for merchants who 'carry enslaved blacks' into the colony. Yet, the colonial legislature had not legally recognized slavery. It did so in 1661. Name the colony. |
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| 47. On both large and small plantations, particularly where the work was especially hard and masters and overseers were cruel, enslaved blacks frequently resisted as best they could. What are some of the ways they resisted? |
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| ��� 1) Slow or poor work performance; 2) Destroyed property; 3) Burned down barns, even when it included or was filled with recently harvested crop; 4) Left cotton or other agricultural crop in the field; 5) Broke tools; 6) Broke down fences that allowed the horses to run away; 7) Slave gang or working group would pretend to be sick or lame ��� |
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| 48. During the early years of the slave trade, most slaves who survived the voyage from Africa to the West Indies were trained there to work and obey masters. This process could last 3-4 years. It ended when the southern colonies needed so many workers that planters imported enslaved Africans directly. What was the training period called? |
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| 49. On September 13, 1663, the first recorded major conspiracy of servants and enslaved persons in colonial America took place. A servant told authorities about the plan to escape. In what county and colony did this conspiracy occur? |
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Definition
| Gloucester County, Virginia |
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| 50. In 1663, the proprietors of Carolina Colony offered bonuses to settlers bringing enslaved or indentured male and female into the colony. What bonus did they offer to settlers? |
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Definition
| 25 acres for each male; 10 acres for each female |
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| 51. In what year did Maryland pass a law that recognized slavery as legal? |
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| 52. In 1667, the legislature of what colony passed an act that ended the practice of freeing enslaved Africans after they were baptized? |
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| 53. By 1670, it is estimated that the African population in Virginia represented ______ percent of an estimated 40,000 settlers or residents in the colony. Although the number of enslaved blacks grew slowly Virginia, slave laws began to appear as early as the 1640s primarily because those who owned slaves were among the planter class who made the laws. In addition, they were expecting to increase the number of enslaved black population in the colony. What was the percentage of Africans (enslaved and free) among settlers in the Virginia Colony? |
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| 54. By 1670, the southern part of the Carolinas (South Carolina) had received many enslaved African and white residents from this island in the Caribbean. In many ways, their economies were similar. Name the island. |
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| Barbados; the colony was called ���child of Barbados��� |
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| 55. This word describes 'a string of enslaved Africans connected by a forked branch or rope' and being marched. It was used to lead enslaved Africans from the interior of the continent to the coast, adding newly captured or purchased enslaved Africans on the way. Name it. |
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| 56. To maintain a slave trading monopoly and a constant supply of enslaved African labor, the British government gave a charter to what company? |
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| 57. On February 18, 1688, what group adopted the first formal anti-slavery resolution in American history? They called slavery the ���traffic of mensbody.��� |
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| 58. One of the earliest 'triangular trade routes' brought enslaved Africans from Africa to the West Indies. What product was frequently shipped from the West Indies to the North American mainland? |
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| 59. In the 1700s, plantation owners believed slaves were necessary to successfully produce many different crops. Which crops were most dependent on enslaved African labor? |
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Definition
| rice, cotton, tobacco, sugar, indigo (hemp and wheat, for example, were less dependent on enslaved African labor) |
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| 60. In the early 1700s, enslaved blacks in the 'tidewater' region were primarily used in growing tobacco. What jobs did they do in growing this crop? |
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Definition
| weeding, seeding, plowing, hilling, cultivating, hoeing, topping, worming, harvesting, stripping, curing, sorting |
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| 61. As tobacco production became more profitable, more planters turned to producing it. Tidewater colonies began enacting slave codes as they brought more enslaved blacks into the colonies. In fact, by 1700, the population of Africans in Virginia--the vast number enslaved--had multiplied tenfold to how many? 20,000. Over the course of the next 50 years, no less than how many enslaved blacks were brought into the Chesapeake region? |
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| 62. In the 1700s, this city in England was called ���Queen of English slave trading��� because it supplied almost half of the ships used in the Atlantic slave trade. Name the city. |
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| 63. In the South Carolina colony, this crop was introduced in the 1690s and became the primary export crop in the early 1700s. This crop was the main source of income for farmers in the Carolinas and by the 19th century it was a significant crop in Virginia and Georgia, too. It was a labor intensive crop and used a large number of enslaved blacks to do the work, including the construction of canals and ditches to maintain adequate supplies of water. Name the crop. |
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| 64. In the 1700s, this important crop was grown in South Carolina to produce a blue dye for cloth. This crop grew best on high ground and required about 25 slaves for a 50-acre plot. Fifty pounds per acre was considered a good crop, with 70 pounds per acre possible in better soils. Name this crop. |
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| 65. What is the name of the two month-journey for enslaved Africans from Africa to the West Indies? During this journey, they were brutally treated. |
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| 66. Between 1680 and 1750, what was the average number of enslaved Africans carried on an English ship coming directly from Africa to the American mainland? |
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| 67. In the 1700s, rice agriculture in the colonies was found in the ���low country��� where enslaved Africans were heavily concentrated. Rice accounted for 60 percent of all exports of this region. Just before the American Revolution, two colonies exported more than 69 million pounds of rice each year. Name the colonies. |
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Definition
| South Carolina and Georgia |
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| 68. In 1700, this person was the first public official to 'outrightly' denounce slavery when he published, The Story of Joseph. In this story, he compared slavery to the Old Testament story of Joseph whose brothers sold him into slavery for 20 pieces of silver. He wrote that ���slavery is inhuman and that all men should be equal in the eyes of God���. He believed that ���Man stealing��� was an atrocious crime. He was an ex-Puritan judge of the Massachusetts Superior Court and had been involved in the Salem witch trials. He later apologized for his role in these trials. Name this public official and the colony where he lived. |
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| Judge Samuel Sewall of Massachusetts |
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| 69. Although only a few black people lived in New England in 1700, this large city became important for slave trading. Ships with food and other products sailed to the West Indies where the goods were traded for rum. The rum then was transported to Africa to buy enslaved Africans who were brought back to the West Indies. The ships then returned home with sugar and molasses. Name the city that was called the ���hub of America slave trading.��� |
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| 70. As a general rule in the slave trading business, the successful delivery of only onethird of the enslaved Africans was enough to cover the total cost of the trip and provide a sizable profit. What was the profit? |
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Definition
| between 200 and 300 percent |
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| 71. Early schools for African Americans were founded and staffed by white abolitionists. In 1704 the first school for enslaved Africans in British North America was founded by a white abolitionist in New York at Trinity Church. Name him. |
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| 72. In 1705, this colonial legislature passed a law that read: ���All servants imported or brought into this country by sea or land who were not Christians in their native country shall be accounted and be slaves.��� Name the colony. |
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| 73. In 1712, what colony introduced the strict ���slave code��� written by the English for Barbados onto the mainland of North America? The code was later copied and revised by other colonies with enslaved Africans. |
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| 74. In 1713, merchants from this country successfully purchased an ���asiento���, a contract to control the African slave trade. In this asiento, the merchants contracted with Spain to provide 144,000 enslaved Africans to the Spanish colonies in the Americas each year for the next 30 years. Name the country that held this asiento. What were the merchants required to pay the Spanish and British royal treasuries from all their trading profits? |
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| 75. This important port city was founded by the French in 1718 and later was transferred to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. By 1820, blacks (both free and enslaved) were about half of its population, and its exports were the second largest in the country. In the late 1830s and early 1840s, the city's exports were greater than those of New York. What was this important city and what was the major product exported through its port? |
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| 76. In 1720, molasses from the West Indies was transported to colonial ports where it was made into rum and shipped to Africa in exchange for enslaved Africans. What city in Rhode Island had more than 22 factories making rum to be shipped to Africa? |
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| 77. In 1720, approximately how much did it cost to buy an enslaved African in Africa? |
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Definition
| 100 to 200 gallons of rum (valued at about $50 or $60) |
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Term
| An enslaved African was sold in the West Indies to a sugar planter for approximately how much? |
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Definition
| $100 to $200 (or molasses valued at that amount) |
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| 78. In 1721, Dr. Zabdiel Boylston successfully used inoculations to treat a smallpox epidemic in Boston. It is further acknowledged that he used the same method of inoculation that was described by an enslaved African. Name this slave. |
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| 79. This colony was established as a barrier between the British in the Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida. This colony���s proprietors initially believed slavery was unsound and unprofitable, and they restricted the importation of enslaved Africans. Name it. |
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| 80. In 1733, many enslaved Africans tried to escape to Florida because of a Spanish law passed in this year. What did the law state? |
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Definition
| Enslaved Africans who escaped to Spanish territory would be considered free. |
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| 81. Benjamin Banneker was known as a scientist, astronomer, and surveyor, but he, too, was an inventor. What was his major invention that was probably the first of its kind to be built in the United States? |
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| 82. In 1739 in Stono, South Carolina near Charleston, Cato led a slave uprising. About 30 whites were killed and more than 30 blacks were killed for participating in the revolt. They wanted to escape to___________ a place that offered them freedom and land. This uprising increased fears of further revolts and severe slave codes were imposed in many colonies, particularly in South Carolina and Georgia. Where were the enslaved Africans trying to escape to? |
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| 83. Throughout much of colonial times, even if a young black youth was trained to be a wheelwright, a house carpenter, a shingle cutter, a boat builder, or a cabinet maker, he most likely had to make what product? |
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Definition
| barrels. People who made barrels were called ���coopers.��� Barrels were needed to safely ship valuable products over long distances-- fish, rum, grain, tobacco, rice, and indigo, and even sugar and molasses of the Caribbean. |
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| 84. In 1740, which colony had the largest number of enslaved black people? |
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| 60,000 Which colony had the largest proportion of enslaved black people in their total population? |
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Definition
| South Carolina, two-thirds of the population |
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| 85. In 1742, a wealthy French merchant constructed this building in Boston to be a market place and meeting hall. Since then, many important events occurred here. It was the place where speeches were made encouraging independence from England. Both the Sugar and Stamp Acts were first protested against here. The building has been called ���the Cradle of Liberty.��� Name the building. |
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| 86. 'An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ and Penitential Cries,' is the earliest known poem published by a black person. The poem was published in 1761 when the poet was 41 years of age. Seventeen years later, he published a rather long poem entitled ���An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley, Ethiopian Poetess���. Name the poet. |
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| 87. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the most wealthy whites? |
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| 88. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the largest amount of rice production? |
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Definition
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| 89. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the most plantations? |
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Definition
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| 90. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the region most devoted to tobacco production? |
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Definition
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| 91. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the fewest wealthy whites? |
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Definition
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| 92. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the greatest ratio of enslaved Africans to white residents? |
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Definition
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| 93. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the most enslaved Africans? |
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Definition
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| 94. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the region growing mostly hemp and wheat? |
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Definition
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| 95. In the middle and late 1700s, most people lived in three regions of North America: 'Back Country���, ���Chesapeake���, and ���Low Country.' Back Country: land between the fall line and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Chesapeake: included the coastal plain of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina with very fertile soils and abundant rainfall. Low Country: a strip of land in South Carolina and Georgia along the coast and inland from ten to 60 miles. In which region would you find: the fewest number of enslaved Africans? |
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Term
| 96. Near Chesapeake Bay during early colonial time, enslaved Africans built roads on which large wooden barrels, called 'hogsheads,' full of tobacco would be rolled to ships waiting at piers. One of these roads in Baltimore County, Maryland is still identified as such after more than 200 years. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 97. In the mid-1700s, most of the tobacco crop in the Chesapeake region was raised on hundreds of plantations that ranged in size from 1,000 to 6,000 acres. On one large plantation in Prince George���s County, Maryland one planter had more than 40,000 acres of land and about 300 slaves. He was said to be one of the richest men in America at the time. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 98. In 1770, many plantations were 'self sufficient'--that is, skilled craftsmen on the plantation produced everything needed. Many of these craftsmen were enslaved Africans. Name three important but different crafts that enslaved Africans had. |
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Definition
| sawyers, blacksmiths, tanners, tailors, curriers, shoemakers, spinners, iron workers, weavers, stone cutters, coopers, knitters, etc. |
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Term
| 99. While the slave system worked to destroy enslaved Africans��� links to their past, many of them retained elements of their culture, including music, dance, names, and faith. African rhythms and instruments, like the banjo and drums, remained popular throughout the Americas. Their faiths -- often fused with the Christianity of their European enslavers -- still live. Where were these cultural elements likely to have survived? In what geographic areas would you likely see very strong cultural elements remaining? |
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Definition
| places where enslaved blacks were isolated and where they were a majority. South Carolina and Georgia Sea Islands, also Gullah communities (where enslaved blacks, primarily from the Senegambia rice-growing region of African concentrated) were likely to be a majority because whites (slaveholders and overseers) avoided as much as possible the malarial rice-growing districts and much of the year. |
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Term
| 100. The first African American church (under African American leadership) was established in 1773 in what southern city? |
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Definition
| Silver Bluff, South Carolina |
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Term
| 101. In 1773, Jean Baptiste Pointe Du Sable, a black man from Haiti, was the first merchant and the first settler in this area. He set up permanent residence and a fur trading business along a river near Lake Michigan. In 1833, this place had 200 residents and incorporated as a village. It eventually grows to become one of the great cities of the world. Name the city founded at this site. |
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Definition
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Term
| 102. This black woman from Senegal was sold to a tailor in Boston, Massachusetts. She learned to read and write and, before she was 20 years old had achieved some fame as a poet. She gained her freedom in 1772, made a trip to London to read her poems, and in 1773, became the first African American to publish a book of poetry. Her book was entitled Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Who was she? |
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Definition
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Term
| 103. In January 1773, a group of enslaved Africans petitioned the governor of this colony for their freedom. They wrote: 'We have no property! We have no wives! No children! We have no city! No country!' In which colony did these men petition for their freedom? |
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Definition
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Term
| 104. Between 1770 and 1775, as many as 4,000 enslaved Africans arrived annually in Charleston, South Carolina. All were held for several weeks on nearby Sullivan���s Island, a quarantine station designed to prevent the spread of diseases and epidemics from overseas. So many enslaved people arrived here that Sullivan Island became known as what? |
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Definition
| ���the Ellis Island of Black America��� |
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Term
| 105. This enslaved runaway black person was among the first to die in the American Revolution. He died on March 5, 1770 during the Boston massacre when British troops fired into an unruly crowd in Boston. Those who died in this event were buried in a common grave in Boston���s Old Granary Burial Ground. In 1888, Boston erected a monument to the heroes of the massacre in the City���s Public Garden. While there is little known about the first patriot to be killed in the massacre, some scholars believe that he worked as a harpoonist on a whaling ship before arriving in Boston. His life is a reminder that the African American experience is a heritage that starts with the beginning of America. Name this black patriot. |
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Definition
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Term
| 106. During the American Revolution (1775-1783), many black men fought for the colonies and a larger number fought for the British. This was not the first time that black men had been soldiers. They served in the French and Indian Wars (1689-1763) and were members of various colonial militias. They enlisted in these wars with the hope that freedom for the colonies would also mean an end to slavery or their personal freedom. They were soldiers at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Peter Salem fired the fatal shot killing the British Commander at Bunker Hill. Approximately how many black men fought for the colonies during the American Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| 107. What do Salem Poor, Peter Salem, Prince Hall, Caesar Brown, Prince Estabrook have in common? |
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Definition
| They were black military heroes of the Revolutionary War. |
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Term
| 108. This soldier was one of 5,000 African Americans who served with the Patriots during the American Revolution. He was the commander of an all black unit of the Massachusetts militia called ���Bucks of America���. After the war in 1796, he organized the African Benevolent Society to provided financial relief and job placement for its members, and in 1808, published an anti-slavery statement with Prince Hall. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 109. This black soldier served with honor and distinction in Col. Fry's regiment of the Revolutionary War. A document signed by 13 of his superiors noted that he 'in the late battle in Charlestown, behaved like an experienced officer, as well as an excellent soldier. The rewards due to so great and distinguished a character, we submit to the Congress.' Name the soldier. |
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Definition
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Term
| 110. A distinguished Philadelphia physician and chemistry professor published An Address to the Inhabitants of the British Settlements in America, Upon Slavekeeping. He charged that any 'vices which are charged upon the Negroes in the southern colonies and West Indies...are the genuine offspring of slavery.' Name this physician. |
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Definition
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Term
| 111. In 1775, the first society founded to work for the abolition of slavery occurred in this American city. It was called the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery whose specific mission was to work toward abolishing slavery in the colony and to protect free blacks from being sold into slavery. Benjamin Franklin was one of the founders. Name the city where the society was formed. |
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Definition
| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
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Term
| 112. By the time of the American Revolution, only one colony had more enslaved black people than white people. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 113. In the 1770s, it is claimed that nine of the ten richest men in the colonies either came from or resided in what colony? How did they earn their money? |
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Definition
| South Carolina; from plantation agriculture (most likely growing rice) |
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Term
| 114. This black person fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. He later petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to help him and other returned to Africa. This is considered the first recorded attempt by free blacks to return home. He later becomes the first African American to join a Masonic Order. Later, he established his own order that has a membership of over 250,000 today. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 115. This black person fought during the Revolutionary War. He was credited with forcing the British troops to regroup and giving the outnumbered colonial troops time to retreat rather than surrender. A monument is erected in his honor at Framingham, Massachusetts. Name this Revolutionary War hero. |
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Definition
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Term
| 116. In 1776, New York and other colonies passed a ���Draft Substitution��� law regarding service in the Continental Army. What did this law allow? |
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Definition
| A white person could send a black person, an enslaved African, or free black to serve in his place. |
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Term
| 117. What important document originally had a section that denounced slavery, but was deleted before the document was adopted in 1776? |
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Definition
| The Declaration of Independence |
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Term
| 118. This free black settlement was one of the earliest in America. In 1777, Cato Howe and three other Revolutionary War black veterans received 94 acres of land where they built homes and lived out their lives. Name the settlement and the colony where it was located. |
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Definition
| Parting Ways, near Plymouth, Massachusetts |
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Term
| 119. Several colonies took steps to abolish slavery between 1777 and 1784. This colony was the first to do so by prohibiting slavery in the constitution it adopted in 1777. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 120. In December 1777, George Leile formed the First African Baptist Church. It is the oldest continuing black Baptist congregation in America. Leile was the first pastor of the Church. More recently, the church was used by local activists of the Civil Rights Movement. Name the city where this church is located. |
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Definition
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Term
| 121. In the only battle of the American Revolution fought in Rhode Island (referred to as the Battle of Rhode Island), a unit of about 200 freedmen held off three times as many British troops at Newport on August 29, 1778. What was the name of this black army unit? |
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Definition
| First Rhode Island Regiment |
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Term
| 122. By the end of the 1770s, only about 50,000 African Americans lived in the northern colonies. About how many lived in the southern colonies? |
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Definition
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Term
| 123. This enslaved black woman helped to bring an end to slavery in Massachusetts. While she was enslaved on the estate of Col. John Ashley, she knew first hand the brutality of slavery when Ashley's wife whipped her frequently and hit her with a shovel. When Massachusetts adopted a new state constitution in 1780 that contained a ���free and equal��� clause, she left the Ashley household and convinced a young white lawyer named Theodore Sedgwick to represent her in court to gain her freedom. Her case was heard by the County Court in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1781 where she argued that slavery was illegal in the state under the new state constitution. The jury agreed and Col. Ashley was ordered to pay her 30 shillings in damages. After her victory, she worked for the Sedgwick family. Name this important trailblazer. |
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Definition
| Elizabeth Freeman (also known as Mum Bett or Mumbet) |
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Term
| 124. In 1781, a group of 44 men and women (26 of African descent) founded the second settlement in California that today is the largest city in the state. Name this city. |
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Definition
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Term
| 125. In 1781, this black soldier in the Continental Army became one of the most notable spies of the American Revolution. He gathered information that helped Marquis de Lafayette defeat the British troops at Yorktown, Virginia on October 19, 1781. Name this black spy. |
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Definition
| James Armistead Lafayette |
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Term
| 126. In 1783 this wealthy free black merchant and other free blacks of Dartmouth, Massachusetts protested to the state legislature that they were being taxed without representation. The courts decided that black men who paid taxes in Massachusetts could vote there. Name this merchant and leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 127. By 1783, this black soldier, having served more than six years in the Revolutionary War, was awarded the 'Badge of Merit' from General George Washington. The soldier participated in the Battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Monmouth, and Yorktown. Name this soldier. |
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Definition
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Term
| 128. This former enslaved black person from Delaware was a wagon driver in the American Revolution and began preaching in the Methodist Church in 1786. He served as an occasional minister with St. George���s Methodist Episcopal Church (a white church) in Philadelphia. He and others left the church and in 1794 established the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia--the first church organized and directed by blacks in the United States. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 129. In 1787, this act passed by Congress determined the number of representatives from each state. Enslaved blacks who had no voice in government were actually counted for each state���s seats in the House of Representatives. What act made this possible? |
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Definition
| ���the ������three-fifths������ Compromise��� |
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Term
| 130. In 1787, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones were among those who organized one of the first official organizations of blacks in this country. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 131. Congress passed the Ordinance of 1787 that barred slavery in the Northwest Territory. ���Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude��� was permitted in the region northwest of the Ohio River except as punishment for a crime. Name the states that were eventually formed out of this territory. |
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Definition
| Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin |
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Term
| 132. This country became a dominant player in the European slave trade during the 18th century. In fact, by 1788, more than 60 percent of enslaved Africans brought by this country to the Americas were sold to colonies controlled by other countries. What country dominated the European slave trade in the 18th century? |
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Definition
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Term
| 133. As of 1790, about 67,000 blacks lived in the North. What percentage of these black northerners was enslaved? |
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Definition
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Term
| 134. In 1790, the legislatures of North Carolina and Virginia approved digging a canal from Albermarle Sound to ports in Virginia. Digging the canal began in 1793 with ���hired out��� slave labor. The canal helped to open the vast timber resources of the region and became an important transportation route until the railroads were built in 1840. Name the canal. |
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Definition
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Term
| 135. This black American surveyed the land for the design of the District of Columbia. After the original planner grew tired of criticism of his plan, returned to France, and the plans could not be found, this black man reconstructed the entire plan from memory. Name this black surveyor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 136. In 1791, this black person led a successful revolt of enslaved Africans against the French in Haiti. The overthrow by blacks produced fears in the U.S. Congress that a revolt such as this could occur at home. As a result, legislators began working on stronger and tougher laws to control enslaved black people. Haiti became the first independent country in the Americas ruled by blacks. Name the leader of this revolt in Haiti. |
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Definition
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Term
| 137. This black person wrote a widely published letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 that argued that it was absurd to think of Africans as an inferior race. Just one year prior to his letter to Jefferson (then Secretary of State), he had published his first Almanac, using some of the most advanced scientific and mathematical principles of the time. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 138. By using the cotton gin, invented in 1793, a man could deseed and clean cotton more efficiently. Using a horse to turn this machine, it could clean about 50 times as much cotton as before. It quickly made cotton the leading crop in the South and the chief export crop for the region. For example, in 1803 alone, over 20,000 enslaved blacks were brought into Georgia and South Carolina to work in the cotton fields. Who invented the cotton gin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 139. Before the cotton gin, slavery was highly concentrated largely along a narrow, coastal corridor of rice and long-staple cotton plantations in South Carolina and Georgia where the growing conditions were similar. Cotton plantations were profitable here, but not so to the west. It was Eli Whitney���s cotton gin that changed the geography of America, and most particularly cotton production at the time, allowing for another type of cotton to be grown across much of the lower South . . .and to be profitable. The gin allowed for a more efficient ���deseeding process��� which not only revived slavery as an institution but allowed for the expanded growth of another kind of cotton. Name the crop. |
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Definition
| ���short-staple��� cotton |
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Term
| 140. This college, founded in Brunswick, Maine in 1793, became a center for abolitionist sentiment before the Civil War. John Russwurm was the first Black graduate of the college in 1826 and went on to co-found Freedom���s Journal, the first black newspaper. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard, head of the Freedmen���s Bureau after the Civil War, was also a graduate. Harriet Beecher Stowe began writing Uncle Tom���s Cabin while her husband taught there. Name this college. |
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Definition
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Term
| 141. In 1793, Congress passed an act making it a crime to harbor an escaped enslaved African or to interfere with his capture or arrest. Name this act. |
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Definition
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Term
| 142. In 1795, he was commissioned to preach in the Congregational Church, the first black minister of this church. As a child, he had been bound out as a servant to a church deacon and began writing adult sermons while still a boy. As a young man he fought in the first battle of the American Revolution (at Lexington, Massachusetts) and served with Ethan Allen���s Green Mountain Boys at the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. Later, he was a consultant on theology to the presidents of Yale and Amherst Universities, and is famous for his 1795 sermon, Universal Salvation. Name this minister who was famous for his powerful sermons. |
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Definition
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Term
| 143. This artist is one of the earliest professional black painters. He was active in Baltimore during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He painted portraits of many established families. One of his most famous is an oil canvas of the ���Portrait of Adelia Ellender��� (c. 1830-1832) that hangs today at the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. There is some confusion about his background. It is claimed that he was a former slave and may have received training from a member of Baltimore's famous family of painters--the Peale family. An analysis of his portraits reveals that many of his subjects were seated on upholstered chairs or settees studded with brass tacks. Because of this he has been dubbed the ���brass tack artist���. In his December 19, 1798 advertisement in the Baltimore Intelligencer, he described himself as a ���self-taught genius.��� Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 144. In 1800, what percent of the U.S. population was made up of black people? |
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Definition
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Term
| ���145. During the early 1800s what city became known as ������the seat of black affluence������ because of the wealthy free black inventors and businessmen who lived there?��� |
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Definition
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Term
| 146. In the 19th century, the Dismal Swamp, on the border between Virginia and North Carolina, offered a safe place for enslaved African runaways. Here they built homes, grew crops, raised animals and sold wood shingles and logs to free blacks. Visitors said it as one of the most difficult places where people could live. The swamp provided the runaways with almost everything they needed. When they required other essentials, some raided nearby towns or stole from boats anchored along the canal. Similar communities of African runaways, perhaps as many as 50 of them, existed in the swamps of Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi between 1672 and 1864. What were these colonies of runaways called? |
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Definition
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Term
| ���147. In 1800, this black person organized 1,100 enslaved black people in Henrico County, Virginia and set out to attack Richmond. His goal was to free enslaved black people along the way. The plot was betrayed by enslaved blacks who wanted to save their slaveholder. The captured leader said, ������I have adventured my life in endeavoring to obtain the liberty of my countrymen, and am a willing sacrifice to their cause; and I beg, as a favour, that I may be immediately led to execution. I know that you have pre-deter - mined to shed my blood, why then all this mockery of a trial?������ The leader and his family were hanged along with 24 other conspirators. Name the leader of this enslaved black rebellion.��� |
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Definition
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Term
| 148. Throughout the time of slavery, states had different policies regarding slavery--this ���peculiar institution,��� but if Quakers were a sizable portion of the local or state population and if they played prominent roles in the political life of such places, there was very strong opposition to slavery. Identify the colonies/states in order of their actions to abolish slavery (immediately or gradually): |
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Definition
| Rhode Island, 1774; Massachusetts, 1781; New York, 1799; Vermont, 1777; New Hampshire, 1783; New Jersey, 1804; Pennsylvania,1780; Connecticut 1784 |
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Term
| 149. This African American church in Savannah, Georgia has a colorful history. Reverend Andrew Bryan formed it in 1802. It was here that General Tecumseh Sherman read the Emancipation Proclamation to the city���s citizens. Almost 100 years later, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. preached his ���I have a dream��� sermon, an address later repeated during the famous March on Washington, D.C. Name this church. |
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Definition
| Second African Baptist Church |
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Term
| 150. In 1805, a 20-member group formed the First African Baptist Church in Boston. Later in the same year, they purchased land and began building this meeting place, which still stands in Boston. In fact, the structure, located on Beacon Hill, is the oldest black church still standing in the United States. During the abolitionist movement, the building became known as the ���Black Faneuil Hall���. Here, Frederick Douglass gave many speeches, including his 1860 call for blacks to join the Union Army against the South. Other events in the African American experience took place here, including the founding of the New England Anti-Slavery Society by William Lloyd Garrison and others in 1832. Today, this building, located in what was once the heart of Boston���s 19th century African American community, is one of this country���s most valuable historic assets. Name this building that functioned as a church, school, and community meeting place for African Americans in Boston. |
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Definition
| The African American Meeting House |
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Term
| 151. In 1805, Lewis and Clark saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time standing at the mouth of the Columbia River in ���Oregon Country,��� thus proving that America was a vast country stretched between two oceans. The expedition was authorized by President Thomas Jefferson as a fact-finding mission about ���the Louisiana Purchase���-- land purchased from France in 1803. The expedition set out from St. Louis, Missouri on May 13, 1804. An enslaved black person provided important services during the mission, serving as major scout, interpreter, and emissary with Lewis and Clark. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 152. January 1, 1808 is an important date in the African American experience. What legal action took place? |
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Definition
| Congress prohibited the importation of enslaved Africans into the United States |
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Term
| 153. Throughout the entire period of European slave trading, about 95% of the enslaved African are believed to have been distributed to South America, Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, it was the largest forced migration of people in world history. A small percentage of these enslaved Africans ended up in British North America. The Atlantic slave trade created many industries throughout Europe, including a large and thriving shipbuilding industry. This shipbuilding industry created colonial rule and European domination in many parts of the world. It set England on the path to becoming the British Empire. As a result, the buying and selling of human cargo became a major part of the world's economy. How many Africans were transported to the Americas? |
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Definition
| approximately 10 million (between 10 and 12 million should be accepted) Distribution of Enslaved Africans Imported and Their Destinations: Brazil (Portugal) 4.0 million; French Caribbean 1.6 million; Dutch Caribbean 5.0 million; English Caribbean 1.8 million; Spanish Caribbean,Central and South America 1.6 million; British North America 0.45 million Estimates provided here are from a reputable scholar and the sum of all destinations is greater than 12 million. Such differences in estimates show that scholars do not always draw the same conclusions from the same historical evidence. |
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Term
| 154. Most enslaved Africans taken to the Western Hemisphere came from the coast of West Africa. What places on this coast were among the largest suppliers of enslaved African people to this hemisphere? |
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Definition
| Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Gambia, Sierre de Leone, Mandinga |
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Term
| 155. Slave trading remained a major industry in the United States even after 1808 when the U.S. Congress banned the import of slaves. The need for cheap labor shifted from the Chesapeake region to the Deep South, reflecting the expanding amount of land being devoted to cotton production. Between 1790 and 1859, two states experienced the sale of more than a million enslaved blacks to planters in the South. While it contributed to increased cotton production in the nation and particularly in the Deep South, it broke many enslaved black families apart. To prevent this, members of some families did horrible things, including suicide and running away, to keep from being ���sold south��� or ���sold down south.��� Name the two states |
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Definition
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Term
| 156. In 1810, the first known insurance company owned and managed by blacks was established in Philadelphia by James Porter, William Coleman and Joseph Randolph. The company existed for more than thirty years. Name it. |
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Definition
| The Afro-American Insurance Company |
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Term
| 157. In 1811, as many as 400 enslaved Africans in St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes in Louisiana revolted. This rebellion was led by a free African from Haiti who worked on the plantation where the rebellion began. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 158. During colonial times and several decades afterwards, many enslaved Africans fled to places where they lived with Native Americans, such as the Seminole. In what state did relatively large numbers of enslaved Africans and Seminoles live together? |
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Definition
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Term
| 159. This fort on the Apalachicola River in Florida is 60 miles south from the Georgia border. Built by the British during the War of 1812, it became the home for more than 300 runaway enslaved blacks and about 30 Seminole Indians who used it as a home. Over time, this fort became a base to raid Georgia plantations, especially when they needed food. Although it was located in Spanish territory, President Andrew Jackson sent U.S. forces to destroy it. After a 10-day siege, the fort's residents surrendered when their ammunition supply was hit and a huge explosion killed or wounded about 250 of those living at the fort. The fort's leader, Garcia, was later shot by a firing squad and the remaining 63 survivors were sold into slavery. This attack on July 27, 1816, marked the beginning of the Seminole Wars which stretched over 40 years and cost the U.S. government more than $30 million. Name this fort. |
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Definition
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Term
| 160. What state was the first to encourage blacks to participate in the War of 1812? Two thousand free and enslaved black people enlisted and were organized into two regiments. Name the state. |
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Definition
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Term
| 161. A group of black men who had been rejected from serving in the territorial militia in 1803 were now allowed to enlist as a battalion in the War of 1812. Although the commanding officer was white, three of the lieutenants were black men. Name this militia group. |
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Definition
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Term
| ���162. Although the Secretary of War had stated ������No Negro, mulatto or Indian is to be enlisted,������ when war started again in 1812, blacks did serve in one military branch without restrictions. Name it.��� |
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Definition
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Term
| 163. Commodore Oliver H. Perry of the U.S. Navy, who had earlier criticized the effectiveness of black sailors, changed his view when he won a decisive victory using black sailors on September 12, 1813 in this important battle in the War of 1812. Name the battle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ���164. Two battalions of 500 free blacks fought with Andrew Jackson to liberate a major city from the British in the last battle of the War of 1812 (which actually took place in 1814). The ������Free Men of Color��� was the largest single force of black men assembled to fight for the United States up to that time. Enslaved black people from nearby plantations also fought in the battle. Name the battle.��� |
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Definition
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Term
| 165. Today, this seaport is one of the largest in the South. Prior to the Civil War it was known for its large and frequent auctions of enslaved black people. Enslaved black people sold at this port city were often used on cotton plantations along the Mississippi River. What is this seaport? |
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Definition
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Term
| 166. By 1815, three cotton production centers emerged along the Mississippi River in the South Central states. Here, growing, processing, and distributing cotton were the major economic activities of these three cities and their surrounding areas. Name them. |
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Definition
| Memphis, Tennessee; Natchez, Mississippi; and Baton Rouge, Louisiana |
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Term
| 167. This abolitionist and Quaker was a saddlemaker in Wheeling, Vermont when he first became concerned about the morality of the American slave trade. In 1815, he formed the Union Human Society, and six years later, he began publishing the anti-slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal Emancipation. In 1829, William Lloyd Garrison joined him as co-editor before leaving in 1831 to publish The Liberator. This abolitionist started another newspaper in 1835 called the National Enquirer. He also traveled extensively throughout this country and South America searching for places where enslaved black runaways could be settled. In 1839, he revived the Genius of Universal Emancipation and published it until his death. Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 168. In 1816, Robert Finley, a Presbyterian clergyman, founded a society in Washington, D.C. to resettle free blacks on the west coast of Africa. Many prominent Americans were sponsors, including John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky. Name the society. |
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Definition
| American Colonization Society |
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Term
| 169. The American Colonization movement was backed by funds from the U.S. Government. These funds were used to establish a permanent colony on the west coast of Africa to resettle free blacks of the United States during the 1800s. What was the colony called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 170. After the American Colonization Society founded a home for free African Americans in West Africa, two black leaders organized a protest of 3,000 black people against colonization in 1817. Name these two black leaders. |
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Definition
| James Forten and Richard Allen (see additional information on James Forten in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 171. Born in 1817 and enslaved in Tuckahoe, Maryland, this black American grew up, learn to read and write, and worked on the docks of Baltimore before escaping from slavery. He successfully disguised himself as a sailor and used the Underground Railroad to escape to freedom. He found freedom and lived in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He became one of this country���s most noted abolitionists. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 172. In 1817, this wealthy black businessman joined with Richard Allen to form the Convention of Color. This convention argued for the settlement of enslaved black runaways in Canada and was opposed to any plans to send free blacks back to Africa. Name him. |
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Definition
| James Forten (see additional information in Part V, Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 173. Throughout the 1820s, this state was the top producer of sugar in the U.S., growing about 95 percent of the country���s total crop. At the time, about 60,000 enslaved people cultivated and harvested the crop. Sugar previously had been imported from the West Indies. However, after the purchase of territory from France in 1803, plantation owners began successfully growing large quantities of sugar cane there. Crushed cane also was used for fuel, molasses, and as a base for rum. In 1830, the largest city in this state had the largest sugar refinery in the world, with an annual capacity of 6,000 tons. Name the state or territory purchased from France and its largest city. |
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Definition
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Term
| 174. In 1820, the largest number of enslaved black people (425,153) lived in this state. It had more than one-and-a-half times as many enslaved black people as the second largest concentration (258,475). Name the state. Name the second, also. |
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Definition
| Virginia (first); South Carolina (second) |
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Term
| 175. In 1820, the American Colonization Society sponsored an expedition to establish a colony of free blacks in Liberia. In this year, a group of 86 free blacks set sail on this ship to Liberia. Name the ship. |
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Definition
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Term
| 176. In 1821, a group of black women founded this society in Philadelphia. It loaned money to members for rent and other necessities, donated money for burial of a member or of her relatives, gave aid to the sick, and provided a forum for members to settle disputes. Name it. |
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Definition
| Daughters of Africa Society |
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Term
| 177. In 1821, Thomas Jennings became the first known black person to receive a patent for an invention. Money from his patent and business helped to support abolitionist causes. What was his invention? |
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Definition
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Term
| 178. In 1822, this African American is named the first bishop of the AMEZ Church. Several years ago in 1818, he was the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church in New Haven, Connecticut--now one of the major black churches in the United States. Since Richard Allen had previously founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, this group added ���Zion���--meaning city of God--to show differences between the two black churches. Name this African American |
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Definition
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Term
| 179. This Quaker merchant moved to Wilmington, Delaware in 1822. Because of his strong opposition to slavery, he joined the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and became one of the most noted ���conductors��� on the Underground Railroad. In fact, his home was the last station on the Underground Railroad before reaching freedom in Pennsylvania. It is estimated that he helped as many as 2,700 enslaved runaways escape to freedom. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 180. This African American carpenter purchased his freedom in 1800 with the winnings from a lottery ticket. He urged other blacks to demand equality. In 1822, he plotted to free enslaved black people in Charleston, S.C. but was betrayed by a co-conspirator. He was hanged along with many of his followers. Name the leader of this rebellion. |
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Definition
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Term
| 181. This school teacher, a member of the Society of Friends, tried to establish a school for enslaved blacks in Greensboro, North Carolina but slaveholders would allow them to attend. He then moved to Newport, Indiana in 1826 where he became a major conductor of the Underground Railroad, helping as many as 3,000 runaways escape to freedom. Many of them stayed at his home on their way to freedom. He later moved to Cincinnati where he continued to help enslaved runaways. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 182. This formerly enslaved black person was educated in the North. In 1823, he moved to North Carolina and opened up a shop where he made beautiful furniture. Most of his furniture had Africa-inspired designs. The shop became one of the most widely known shops of fine furniture in the Deep South. He built sofas, chairs, chests, tables, and bedsteads from walnut, mahogany, and oak. His ornately carved furniture could be found in the homes of some of the most wealthy white families in North Carolina and throughout the South. Wealthy white plantation owners paid him to trained many of their enslaved blacks who would bring this new skill back to the plantation. He also trained whites. His business failed prior to the Civil War when the price of hardwoods became too expensive. Recognized as one of the finest artisans of his time, his workshop, The Yellow Tavern, is now a National Historical Landmark. Name this free black artisan. |
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Definition
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Term
| 183. In 1823, this African American was the first of his race to graduate from an American college. He received an A.B. degree from Middlebury College in Vermont. In 1836, he was elected to the Vermont State Legislature���becoming the first African American state legislator in this country. He served only one year. Name him. |
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Definition
| Alexander Lucius Twilight |
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Term
| 184. In the 1820s, this African American began his career as a Shakespearean actor. Over several decades, he gave performances before monarchs of Sweden, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. He was best known for his portrayal of Othello. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 185. A black man served as an interpreter for the Seminole Indian Tribe in their 1825 negotiations with the United States in Washington, D.C. One Army officer described him as able and keenly attentive. He admitted bitterly that this black man had ���ruled all the councils and actions of the Indians in this region.��� In 1838 this black man made this statement as he tried to convince the tribe to accept U.S. demands that they move to Oklahoma: ���We do not live for ourselves only, but for our wives and children, who are as dear to us as those of any other men.��� Blacks lived among the Seminole Indians and played a major role in the Seminole Wars���a conflict between the United States and Seminole Indians that stretched over 40 years. In addition to the Seminoles providing shelter and protection to enslaved runaway, some of these blacks returned to raid plantations in the adjacent state of Georgia. Complaints of these raids from slave-owners led General Andrew Jackson to order military intervention. U.S. General Thomas Jessup described the Seminole Wars as ���a Negro, not an Indian War��� because of the heavy black involvement. When Jessup���s troops stormed an Seminole Indian camp in 1837, taking 55 members and Chief Osceola���s personal bodyguard prisoner, he noted that ���52 were black.��� The last Seminole War lasted eight years (1835-1842) and cost the United States 1,500 men and $20 million. It was the most expensive Indian war waged by this country. It is interesting that after the war had been under way for only about a year, General Jessup stated: ���This, you may be assured, is a Negro, not an Indian war.��� It is noted, however, that blacks served on both sides of this conflict. Although General Jessup further stated that ���it was not until the Negroes capitulated [decided or agreed] that the Seminoles ever thought of emigrating [to Oklahoma],��� it is important to note that Seminoles are very dark in complexion and a ���war with blacks��� was least likely to cause national concern. Name the leading black Seminoles involved in this conflict. |
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Definition
| Abraham, John Horse, and John Caesar |
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Term
| 186. This abolitionist was elected to Ohio���s House of Representatives in 1826. Several years later, he developed a close personal and political relationship with Benjamin Wade to form a strong anti-slavery movement in Ohio and in the U.S. Congress. He was forced to resign from Congress in March 1842 after he defended slave mutineers. His unwavering and outspoken views against slavery caused many his pro-slavery colleagues in Congress to fiercely resent him. He was re-elected and remained a leading member of the Radical Republicans in Congress for the next seventeen years. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 187. This school was built in Boston in 1824 and was open only to white children until 1855. Before 1855, black children in the same neighborhood had to attend the school at the African American Meeting House even if they lived closer to this school. After 1834, they went to the recently built Abiel Smith School--also a segregated school. When segregated schools were abolished by the Massachusetts legislature, this school became one of Boston���s first schools with an interracial student body. In the early 1870s, Elizabeth Smith, daughter of abolitionist John J. Smith, started teaching at the Phillips School and was probably the first African American to teach in an integrated Boston public school. It remains one of Boston���s historic treasures. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 188. On March 16, 1827, two African American leaders, Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, published the first black newspaper in this country. What was the name of this newspaper? |
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Definition
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Term
| 189. On July 4, 1827, slavery was officially abolished in this northern state and more than 10,000 enslaved black persons received their freedom. Name the state. |
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Definition
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Term
| 190. By 1827, every state in the North had abolished slavery. In states of the Deep South, the situation was very different. The actual number of slaves increased following American independence. What specific factors contributed most to this increase of slavery in the South? |
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Definition
| cotton production and the invention of the cotton gin |
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Term
| 191. In Boston in 1829, this free black abolitionist published a radical antislavery pamphlet, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. He called for the use of violence to overthrow slavery. The language of the pamphlet frightened whites and was so strong that the governor of Georgia ordered the ship that brought the pamphlets to his state held in quarantine. The legislature also made it a capital offense to circulate the pamphlets and offered a $10,000 reward for this person���s capture. Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 192. The order of Oblate sisters of Providence is the oldest order of religious women of African descent in the world. In 1829, Elizabeth Lange, a Haitian refugee living in Baltimore, and three other black women started the first order of black nuns in the nation. Father James Joubert, a French-born Sulpician priest and Lange accepted the mandate to teach and care for African American children. They opened their first school, St. Frances Academy, in Baltimore in 1828. It is the oldest continuously operating black Catholic School in the United States. The Oblate Sisters of Providence grew into a community of over 350 sisters who served in the order���s missions in 18 states, several Caribbean countries, and Nigeria. In 2010, they celebrated 180 years of service to Baltimore and the world. Today, Mother Elizabeth Lange is a candidate for being named a saint. Name the order. |
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Definition
| Oblate Sisters of Providence |
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Term
| 193. In 1829, this enslaved African American published his first book of poems, The Hope of Liberty, the first full volume of poems published by an African American since Phillis Wheatley���s poems some 30 years before. He paid his slaveholder 50 cents a day to earn money by selling his ���love lyrics��� to students on the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill campus. He published poems in Freedom���s Journal and The Liberator. The Hope of Liberty was reissued in 1837 under the title, Poems by a Slave. This poet had hoped to purchase his freedom from the sale of poetry, but he fell short of this goal, living through three generations of ownership by the Horton family. In 1865, however, he escaped to a Northern Army unit who was then occupying Raleigh, North Carolina. Name this poet. |
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Definition
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Term
| 194. In 1790, less than 700,000 enslaved black people lived in the South. Forty years later in 1830, how many black people lived in this region? |
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Definition
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Term
| 195. The ���Ancient Burying Ground��� located in this city has graves dating back to 1648. Among white citizens, 300 black people (free and enslaved) and five ���Black Governors��� are believed to be buried here. ���Black Governors��� were elected by their fellow black Americans to preside over the black community. Although they had no official power recognized by white leaders, their authority was respected throughout the black community. Boston Nichols, elected ���Black Governor��� in 1800, is buried here. A monument is located in this city that recognizes the contributions of black people to the city and state. Name the city where this burying ground is found. |
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Definition
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Term
| 196. Enslaved black people picked cotton on plantations scattered throughout the Mississippi delta region. In 1830, enslaved blacks here picked an average of 323 lbs. a day. This amount was unusual. Plantation overseers were generally satisfied if how many pounds were picked a day? |
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Definition
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Term
| 197. On May 28, 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed this law that literally forced the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Seminoles off their land in southeastern United States and moved them over the ���trail of tears��� to Oklahoma. Many black persons who were members of these tribes also moved along the ���trail��� with Native Americans. Name the act. |
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Definition
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Term
| 198. This white woman wrote popular and highly successful history novels. In 1831, she attended a public meeting where she heard William Lloyd Garrison give a speech against slavery. She was moved by his words and in 1833, her book, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, was published. The book was powerful and caused many notable whites to become more involved in the anti-slavery movement, including Charles Sumner. However, her traditional audience and the sales of her books dropped dramatically and she started a weekly newspaper instead, the Anti- Slavery Standard. She, along with Lucretia Mott and Maria Chapman, were elected to the executive committee of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1839. While she continued to fight for racial equality, she broadened her views to include the rights of women and Native Americans. Name this notable woman. |
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Definition
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Term
| 199. What do Benjamin Lundy, William Lloyd Garrison, and Elijah Lovejoy have in common? |
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Definition
| They were white abolitionists who published newspapers. |
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Term
| 200. On August 21, 1831 in Southampton County, Virginia, this enslaved black preacher believed that God had chosen him to lead blacks to freedom. He and 70 enslaved black followers began a two-day rebellion, during which the leader killed his master and about 60 other whites were killed before the revolt ended. The leader of this revolt expected to get weapons at a major arsenal in Jerusalem, the county seat of Southampton county, and would then establish an armed free black community in the Great Dismal Swamp. Local white militias ended the uprising, killing some 100 blacks in the process, but the leader escaped. Like the rebellions led by Prosser and Vesey, this uprising also led to harsh new slave codes and practices in southern states. It also marked a pivotal moment in the history of American slavery. On the one hand, it dispelled any views that slavery might fade away peacefully in the ���upper��� Southern colonies. On the other had, it sharpened the conflict between antislavery and proslavery forces in the North and South. The leader of this revolt was later apprehended, brought to trial, and executed on November 11, 1831. Before his execution, he offered a detailed confession and biography to a court-appointed attorney. Name the rebellion���s leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 201. In 1831, this African American woman, along with 16 black and white women, founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. She was a leading abolitionist, community activist, and generous giver to social and abolitionist causes. She encouraged her children to devote considerable time to social causes. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 202. By this time, slavery was commonplace throughout most of the South. In fact, it was also common that ���childhood��� for slaves ended on their ____ birthday. From then on they either worked in the fields alongside their parents (one quarter of an able-bodied hand���s day���s work being allotted to them), or they were taken into the house to work as servants. What was this birthday? |
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Definition
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Term
| 203. In 1831, these two brothers and businessmen established the first Anti-Slavery Society in New York. Two years later in 1833 it became a national organization and one of the brothers was elected its first president. The organization attracted some of the most noted abolitionists as members--William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, Samuel Cornish, Angelina Grimke, Sarah Grimke, Robert Purvis, Wendell Phillips, John Greenleaf Whittier, Frederick Douglass, Lucretia Mott, Lydia Maria Child, William Wells Brown , James Forten, and others. The main supporters came from religious groups such as Quakers and others from the free black community. By 1840, the organization had 250,000 members, 2,000 local chapters and published more than 20 journals. Name the founders of this organization. |
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Definition
| Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan |
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Term
| 204. In 1836 this Harvard-educated attorney gave up his practice in Boston to work entirely for abolitionist causes. He joined the American Anti-Slavery Society and began working with William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the Liberator. When he joined the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, his family attempted to have him committed to an insane sanitarium. He was known as an exceptional speaker and was called ���Abolition's Golden Trumpet.��� Like many abolitionists, he wore no clothing made of cotton nor ate cane sugar since both were produced by enslaved labor in the South. He believed that racial injustice was the source of society's ills. He participated in the attempt to rescue Anthony Burns, a captured fugitive slave, from a Boston jail. He joined with Garrison to help define the abolitionist movement across the country in the 1840s. After the Civil War, this noted abolitionist leader worked to gain equal rights for Native Americans. In 1915, a monument commemorating his life was built in the Boston Public Garden. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 205. This black person was born in Delaware in 1795. He was trained for the ministry and later became pastor of New York City���s first African American Presbyterian Church. In 1827, he joined with John Russwurm to publish this country���s first African American newspaper, Freedom���s Journal. In 1833, he joined with others to form the American Anti-Slavery Society. Between 1835 and 1837, he was selected a member of the executive committee of New York City���s Vigilance Committee and later was editor of the Colored American (1837-39). In 1848, he founded the American Missionary Association. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 206. On January 1, 1831, this abolitionist published the first issue of his antislavery newspaper, The Liberator, in Boston. It quickly became a leading newspaper for African Americans in Boston and throughout the East. He relied heavily on blacks for support. In his early life, he had apprenticed as a printer and had already been editor of other newspapers including the Newburyport Herald (1824) and the National Philanthropist (1828). In 1828 he met Benjamin Lundy, the Quaker editor of the Genius of Universal Emancipation. He later became co-editor of Lundy���s newspaper, but when he criticized a merchant involved in the slave trade and was imprisoned, this abolitionist became determined to bring an end to slavery by publishing his own newspaper. The motto of the Liberator was: ���Our country is the world--our countrymen are mankind���. Although the Liberator had only 3,000 copies in circulation, his opinions were so strongly expressed at the time that the State of Georgia offered $5,000 for his arrest and conviction. In addition, he was very critical of the Church for its refusal to condemn slavery. No one and no organization who supported slavery (or did not condemn it) was spared his criticism. Name the publisher. |
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Definition
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Term
| 207. On February 22, 1832, a group of black women organized the first all-black female antislavery society whose constitution focused on self improvement as well as antislavery activities. Name the city and state where this society was formed. |
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Definition
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Term
| 208. This university in Pennsylvania is often referred to as the oldest black university in the United States. In 1832, Richard Humphreys, a Philadelphia Quaker, left $10,000 in his will to establish a school for blacks. It was originally called the Institute for Colored Youth. Today it has an enrollment of about 2,000 and is one of the 14 institutions in the Pennsylvania state system of higher education. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 209. Prudence Crandall, a white woman who was educated at a Society of Friends school, started her own private academy for girls in this small place. It was a success until she admitted a black girl. When she refused to change her policy of equal education, white parents took their children away from the school and it was forced to close. With the support of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and others of the Anti-Slavery Society, she opened a school for black girls. She was subsequently arrested in 1833 for teaching black girls. A mob set fire to her school and she was forced to close it. State lawmakers later realized that their part in the school closing was wrong and allocated her a small yearly income. Where was Prudence Crandall���s school located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 210. This college was founded in Ohio in 1833 as the first coeducational college in the country. It opened its doors with a total enrollment of 44 students, 29 of them men and 15 women. Two years later, it became the first college to make nondiscriminatory admission an official policy. Famous graduates of this college include Mary Jane Patterson, Frances Jackson Coppin, Anna Julia Cooper, and Moses Fleetwood Walker. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 211. This African American in Philadelphia is credited with influencing William Lloyd Garrison���s views against colonization. In 1833, Garrison, Theodore Weld, an upstate New York preacher at the time, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, wealthy merchant brothers of New York, and others met in this abolitionist's home to organize the American Anti- Slavery Society. Name him. |
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Definition
| James Forten (see additional information in Part V, Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 212. This black woman was born in 1803 and became the first American-born woman of any color to deliver a series of public lectures. While she had no formal education until she was in her 20s, she had incredibly strong political and religious beliefs. Influenced by David Walker, she dedicated her life to improving the conditions of black families. On September 21, 1833, she gave her last public lecture in the school room of the African Meeting House in Boston. Name her. |
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Definition
| Maria Stewart (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 213. In 1834, black leaders in Philadelphia, including Robert Purvis, William J. Whipper, and James Forten, argued that racial prejudice would continue if blacks formed special and separate organizations. The first annual report of this major organization included their view: There is no way to destroy the prejudice which lies at the foundation of slavery, but to invite our colored brethren to a participation with us in all those happy and elevating institutions which are open to others. Name the organization. |
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Definition
| American Anti-Slavery Society |
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Term
| 214. This person, the son of a wealthy cotton broker in Charleston, South Carolina became one of the strongest abolitionists in the country in the 1830s. In 1833, for example, he established the Library Company of Colored People and the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia. In 1834, he toured England making speeches and raising funds for antislavery causes. When he returned to Philadelphia, he campaigned to repeal the new state law that barred blacks from voting. In addition, he drafted a document, Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens Threatened with Disfranchisement (1838). He became a major figure in the Underground Railroad and served as chairman of the General Vigilance Committee--an organization that helped thousands of fugitive slaves. He served as president of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society from 1845 to 1850. His influence was so strong over the years that he was selected to preside over the 50th anniversary meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 215. Between 1834 and 1836, a number of white mobs attacked black neighborhoods in Boston, Cincinnati, Hartford, New York, Pittsburgh, and Utica. Their actions were a reaction to growing support for the abolition of slavery. In 1834, 45 homes in one of the most thriving African American communities were destroyed during anti-abolitionist riots. Name the city. |
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Definition
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Term
| 216. In 1835, a mob disrupted a meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, took this individual from the meeting, and then dragged him through the streets of Boston. Authorities wrestled him from the mob and jailed him ��� for his own protection.��� Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 217. This African American was the son of a white Pennsylvania businessman and a black servant. He inherited his father���s lumberyard, and along with a free black partner made the business prosper. He believed that ���freedom was an inherent right.��� He actively participated in the Underground Railroad, donating $1,000 a year to aid fugitives passing through Pennsylvania to freedom. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 218. Who, in 1835, was the second known enslaved black person in the U.S. to receive a patent? He was granted patents for two inventions, the mechanical corn planter (1835) and the cotton planter (1836). |
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Definition
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Term
| 219. In 1835, the first building in this country was erected for the sole purpose of serving as a public school for black children. It was built in Boston, Massachusetts with money left in a will by a white abolitionist to the city of Boston to educate black children. Even though it was a public school, it received about one-half the public education funds distributed to white public schools in the city. Name the white businessman who bequeathed the $4,000 for educating black children or the name of the school that was named in his honor. |
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Definition
| Abiel Smith or Abiel Smith School (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 220. This enslaved African American was born in Maryland but escaped with his family to New York City when he was nine years old. He became a minister and believed that the only answer to slavery was resistance with weapons. He gave many lectures and was considered one of the most powerful abolitionists of the 1840s. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 221. Two sisters, daughters of a Quaker judge of the South Carolina Supreme Court, were outspoken female abolitionists. One daughter published Appeal to the Christian Women of the South; the other published Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States. Their anti-slavery publications brought a storm of criticism and insults because Quaker women ���were not expected to be as outspoken on political issues.��� Name the sisters. |
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Definition
| Angelina Grimke and Sarah Moore Grimke |
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Term
| 222. On May 26, 1836, the U.S. House of Representatives adopted a rule whereby any petition against slavery was set aside with no further action. John Quincy Adams and Joshua Giddings mounted a major assault against this rule. Name the rule. |
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Definition
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Term
| 223. Freedom of the press and abolitionism were combined in a single cause when the editor of the Alton (Illinois) Observer was killed defending his right to publish anti-slavery material. The mob of pro-slavery activists also dumped his printing press into the Mississippi River. Name the editor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 224. Windsor, Sandwich, New Canaan, Colchester, and St. Catherines are settlements in Canada that became home for formerly enslaved black people. More than 40,000 enslaved Africans fled to these communities and others in Canada before the Civil War. It is believed that the majority of slaves who went to Canada crossed this river. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 225. Many enslaved black people who fled to Canada to escape slavery arrived in this town, a station on the Underground Railroad, directly across the border from Buffalo, New York. One home in this town had a secret room for people to hide and was said to have a secret underground tunnel that connected its basement to the riverbank. Many blacks found work in this town in lumber, shipping, and farming. Name this town in Canada. |
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Definition
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Term
| 226. This abolitionist, a lawyer in the Kentucky Legislature in 1816 and later elected to the Alabama Legislature in 1819, became a strong opponent of slavery. After starting his abolitionist newspaper, the Philanthropist in 1836, he became a noted member of the American Anti-Slavery Society and in 1837 was elected Executive Secretary of the Society. In 1840, he was appointed vice president of the World Slavery Convention. In the same year, the Liberty Party selected him as their presidential candidate and did so again four years later. This abolitionist believed strongly that the American Anti- Slavery Society should concentrate on political action--a perspective that placed him in conflict with William Lloyd Garrison. Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 227. In 1837, he became the first African American to earn a medical degree and practice as a medical doctor. He received his early education in New York City, but went to Scotland where he earned a bachelor���s, master���s and a medical degree at the University of Glasgow. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 228. This African American, born free in Connecticut, helped hundreds of enslaved African Americans, including Frederick Douglass, escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad. In 1835, he founded the New York Vigilance Committee, a group of notable African Americans who worked with white lawyers to fight in the courts on behalf of those accused of being fugitive slaves. In 1838 he published the first black magazine, Mirror of Liberty. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 229. On the eastern edge of Princeton, Illinois stands the home of a noted outspoken abolitionist and minister. He is perhaps best known for his role in the Illinois Underground Railroad and his home served as a ���station��� on the network. He arrived in Princeton in 1838 as a minister. He preached his anti-slavery views there for 17 years. He was also a founder of the Illinois and national Republican Party and served four terms in the United States House of Representatives. He was one of the guests invited to witness the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. He was the older brother of the editor of the Alton (Illinois) Observer who had been murdered for his anti-slavery position. Name this abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 230. He was a co-founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and in his home, he is said to have had a booby-trapped door, dubbed ���Saint's Rest��� which concealed a secret room where fugitives could hide. This abolitionist also supported the ���Free Produce Movement��� which used no food or other products produced by enslaved labor. When Pennsylvania school officials decided to exclude black children from public schools, he withheld his sizable tax payment and the policy was reversed. Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 231. Mutinies frequently occurred aboard ships transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. One famous mutiny occurred in 1839 when Cinque and his ���captured��� followers seized a slave ship. Although Cinque ordered the navigator to take them back to Africa, the ship sailed for 63 days at sea until it was intercepted by a U.S. ship about a half mile from the shore of Long Island, New York. It was later towed to New London, Connecticut. Here, the ���captured��� Africans were imprisoned. Abolitionists lobbied for justice and one of the trials took place in the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut which then was the state���s capitol. Later, John Quincy Adams defended them in the U.S. Supreme Court. The enslaved Africans were eventually released. Name this famous mutiny. |
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Definition
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Term
| 232. Although there was considerable support among abolitionists to free the ���mutineers��� of the Amistad, several Americans were central to their court case and eventually their freedom and return to Africa. Two Americans took up the Africans��� case and argued that while slavery was legal in Cuba, importation of slavers from African was not. The judge agreed, and ruled that the Africans had been kidnapped and had a right to use violence to escape captivity. When the United States government appealed this decision and the case appeared before the U.S. Supreme Court, this former president volunteered to represent them. This person, then 73 years old, presented a passionate eight-hour speech that won the argument and the mutineers were set free. Name this former president. |
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Definition
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Term
| 233. In 1840, the first anti-slavery political party was organized by abolitionists, including Arthur and Lewis Tappan and James Birney. The party called on Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, to end slave trade between the states, and to stop admitting new slave states to the Union. The party also wanted to repeal state and local ���black laws,��� which discriminated against free black people. Their first presidential candidate, James Birney, received approximately 7,000 votes, 0.29 percent of all ballots cast. Name this political party. |
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Definition
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Term
| 234. This white lawyer was a strong abolitionist and member of the Anti-Slavery Society. He defended so many re-captured and re-enslaved blacks the he become known as ���the attorney general for runaway Negroes���. He also provided free legal advice for those caught and arrested for working on the Underground Railroad. In 1849, he was elected to the United States Senate and joined with Joshua Giddings as leaders of the antislavery group (soon to be called Radical Republicans) in Congress. In 1855, he was elected as the governor of Ohio and as a founding member of the Republican Party he sought the party���s president nomination in 1860, but later gave his support to Abraham Lincoln. After Lincoln was elected President, he was appointed as Secretary of the Treasury. He and Lincoln later clashed on many issues and when he resigned his position, Lincoln appointed him Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He continued to clash with Lincoln, but was more critical of President Andrew Johnson and later presided over the Senate impeachment proceedings against Johnson. Name this national leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 235. Theodore Weld, a white abolitionist, is often credited with building Ohio���s antislavery society into the largest in the nation with some 4,000 members. In 1839, he published one of the most factual books ever written on the nature of slavery. Name this book. |
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Definition
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Term
| 236. In 1839, this minister became editor of The Colored American and quickly became one of the strongest voices for emancipation of enslaved blacks. He was a graduate of Wesleyan University in 1832 and had become a merchant in New York City where he had vigorously supported the city���s Vigilance Committee. He remained editor of The Colored American until 1842. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 237. ���Swing Low, Sweet Chariot��� and ���Steal Away��� are songs that have two meanings--the possibility of escape to freedom on earth as well as the freedom promised in heaven. Other songs, distinctively African American in style, were actually comments on the slave system. W.E.B. Du Bois called these songs ���sorrow songs��� but are also known by another name. What is the other name given to these songs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 238. In 1839, this Presbyterian minister had become one of the country���s most active abolitionists. He was employed as a lecturer of the American Anti-Slavery Society. His lecturers were so eloquent, powerful, and provocative that his co-workers called him the ���Black Daniel Webster.��� Name him. |
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Definition
| Reverend Samuel Ringgold Ward |
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Term
| 239. In the late 1700s and 1800s enslaved Africans used songs to pass messages and communicate over long distances--without their slaveholder���s knowledge. Some of these songs were used to keep spirits up; others were used to send signals and warned runaways and others of danger. One of these songs is well known ���Follow the Drinking Gourd���--a song intended to give geographic directions to fugitives. Name these songs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 240. In 1840, this state's population included more blacks than whites because of the demand for cotton and the use of enslaved Africans throughout the state to produce it. Name the state. |
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Definition
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Term
| 241. This woman was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts in 1793. After being educated by the Society of Friends, she became a teacher at the school. Her interests in women���s rights began when she was made aware that men were being paid twice as much as women at the school. She later became a Quaker minister and a strong opponent of the slave trade. She also became very active in the American Anti-Slavery Society. However, when she and her friend, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, travelled to London as delegates to the World Anti-Slavery Convention and were refused permission to speak at the convention, they returned home and form a society to strongly advocate the rights of women. In 1866, she joined with Stanton and Lucy Stone to establish the American Equal Rights Association. This organization became very active in Negro suffrage and women suffrage in Kansas and throughout the country. Name this female leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 242. A slave ship on its way from Hampton, Virginia to New Orleans, Louisiana was taken over by enslaved Africans and sailed to the Bahamas--a British possession. There, they were given their freedom because Britain had outlawed slavery in all its territories. Name this slave ship that enslaved Africans took over. |
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Definition
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Term
| 243. In about 1836, Francis McWorter mapped out 144 lots that became the first town to be incorporated by a black person in the United States. It became a racially integrated town in a segregated era and grew to as many as 200 residents until it faded away when it was bypassed by the railroad in 1869. Name the town. |
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Definition
| New Philadelphia, Illinois (about 100 miles west of Abraham Lincoln���s home in Springfield) |
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Term
| 244. This wealthy white businessman and his brother supported many anti-slavery organizations in the New York area and helped subsidize abolitionist newspapers. One of the brothers was the chief legal defense fund-raiser for the Amistad captives during their 1839-1841 trials. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 245. In 1842, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that slave owners might recover fugitive enslaved blacks from any state, and that the state could neither help nor hinder the enslaved person. On the other hand, some interpreted the decision as a blow to slaveholders on the basis that state officials were not authorized to help return fugitive slaves to their owners. Name this case. |
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Definition
| Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |
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Term
| 246. This person was the first African American lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He called for ���immediate, unconditional emancipation for every human regardless of tongue or color.��� In 1842, he became the first African American to address the Massachusetts legislature where he noted the ���odiousness and absurdity��� of segregated seating on railroads. He was part of a prominent black family of Salem, Massachusetts. His father had been an immigrant from Curacao in the Caribbean and had built a prosperous catering business in Massachusetts. Name this black American lecturer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 247. In 1842, this runaway from a Virginia plantation was captured in Boston. When his ���owner��� arrived to claim him, antislavery protests blocked his return to slavery. Boston abolitionists quickly raised money to purchase the fugitive for $400. This protest helped to increased the support needed to pass federal laws that allowed free states to disregard fugitive slave laws. In fact, many cities in northern states had already declared their lack of support for these laws and were actively resisting them. Name the fugitive involved in this incident. |
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Definition
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Term
| 248. This former enslaved person was one of the most influential African Americans between 1840 and 1870. At the National Convention of Colored Men in Buffalo, New York, he delivered the keynote speech: ���An Address to Slaves of the United States��� in which he said: ���Rather die freemen than live to be slaves. Remember that you are FOUR MILLION! . . . Let your motto be resistance! Resistance! RESISTANCE!��� Name this abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 249. This black person was born in Charleston, Virginia. He later moved to Pittsburgh where he attended the Bethel Church School. Because of his strong appetite for learning, he was employed by Andrew McDowell, a doctor in the town. Over the years, he published an anti-slavery newspaper, The Mystery. Four years later, he joined Frederick Douglass to publish the North Star, and between 1849-1852, he attended the Harvard Medical School and later established himself as a doctor in Pittsburgh. In 1852, he published The Destiny of the Colored People in the United States where he recommended leaving of the U.S. In 1859, he led a party to West Africa to investigate locations for black settlements. During the Civil War, he recruited soldiers for the Union Army and in 1865, he obtained the rank of major, becoming the first black person to receive a regular army commission. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 250. In 1843, this white abolitionist from New York State promised 40 acres of land to black males and their families who wished to leave urban areas and create black farming communities. Over 1,000 black men, women, and children took advantage of his offer. It was on October 21, 1835 when this wealthy individual from Utica, New York became converted to abolitionism while attending an abolitionists conference there. When the meeting was disrupted by a violent mob of anti-abolitionists, he offered his estate to house the conference and spoke for the movement. He later became president of the New York Anti-Slavery Society and a conductor on the Underground Railroad. Name the abolitionist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 251. In 1843, the U.S. and British governments agreed in this treaty to patrol Africa���s West Coast to seize ships involved in smuggling enslaved Africans to their territories. Name the treaty. |
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Definition
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Term
| 252. In 1843, an African American engineer and inventor received a patent for the ���vacuum evaporation process��� for refining sugar. This invention and several improvements successfully dehydrated sugar cane into granules at a low cost, and thus revolutionized the sugar industry. Name this inventor, engineer, and scientist. |
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Definition
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Term
| 253. This black woman, born in 1843 or 1845, became the first professional African American sculptor. While most of her sculptures have not survived, she is best known for portrait busts of abolitionists such as John Brown and other individuals, depicting her African American and Native American ancestry. Most of her portrait busts were sold to enabled her to travel to Europe in 1865. She settled in Rome and befriended several prominent Americans living there. One of her best known pieces of art is entitled, The Death of Cleopatra, carved marble in 1876. It is located at the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 254. In 1844, he became the first black person licensed to practice law in the United States. The following year, he became the first black attorney when he practiced law in Boston. His practice was successful. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 255. By 1843, many of the settlers of the Willamette Valley were southerners. While they could not change the 1843 provisional constitution that prohibited slavery, they did add a provision that expelled all Negroes and mulattoes from the territory. Name the territory. |
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Definition
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Term
| 256. One of San Francisco���s most famous citizens of the 1840s was a black man from the Virgin Islands. He was the first to launch a steamboat on San Francisco Bay, built the city���s first hotel, was a town council member and treasurer and was an influential citizen in the development of the city. Some believe he was the first African American to become a millionaire in this country, benefiting from land he owned along the American River--one of the regions miners flocked during the 1849 gold rush. Who was he? |
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Definition
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Term
| 257. Fisk University, Berea College, Atlanta University, Talladega College, Hampton Institute, Tougaloo College, Tillotson College, LeMoyne Institute, and Straight University (now Dillard University) were colleges/universities organized to train and educate African Americans. These colleges and universities were organized by an association formed in 1846. Name it. |
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Definition
| The American Missionary Association |
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Term
| 258. What African American become the first of his race to graduate from an American medical school? He received his medical degree from Rush Medical College in Chicago. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 259. On December 3, 1847, the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper, quickly became one of the most widely read antislavery newspapers in the country. It was published in Rochester, New York. The publishers were strong advocates of ending slavery and were champions of the rights of women. Name the two publishers of this newspaper. |
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Definition
| Frederick Douglass and Martin Delany |
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Term
| 260. In 1847, this black man was appointed secretary of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and had been the first black man to join the Society. He had escaped from slavery and provided members with first-hand information of what it was like to be enslaved. In Philadelphia, he used his profitable coal business and his home as a popular station of the Underground Railroad. He interviewed fugitives and kept extensive records so that family and friends could be reunited after slavery or when they were free. When John Brown���s raid failed in 1859, this abolitionist helped some of those involved escape capture. After the Civil War ended, he continued his campaign to help end discrimination on Philadelphia���s streetcars and throughout the city. He is noted for his noteworthy book, The Underground Railroad, published in 1872 that records many Underground Railroad stories. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 261. William and Ellen Craft met as enslaved persons in Macon, Georgia. Because they did not want to bring children into the world to be enslaved, they planned to escape and flee to the North. In December 1848, they disguised themselves--he as an enslaved person and she as a gentleman and slaveholder--and boarded a train from Georgia to Philadelphia. Abolitionists in Philadelphia protected them until they sailed for England. Later, they wrote a book about their escape. Name the title of their book |
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Definition
| Running a Thousand Miles to Freedom |
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Term
| 262. On July 19 and 20, 1848, women���s rights and antislavery causes were linked at the world���s first Women���s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. This African American was the only prominent man invited to speak at the Convention. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 263. In 1848, this African American invented a device that dramatically change the whaling industry in New England. He had been enslaved in Virginia prior to 1800, but after becoming free, he moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts. In 1829, he worked as a blacksmith and operated a whalecraft shop there. At the time, New Bedford was the capital of whaling industry in this country. After hearing stories about whales being harpooned and escaping, he invented the ���toggle harpoon���. When used, his invention snapped shut and anchored firmly, allowing whalers to be more successful in their catch, increasing their profits, and reducing the number of injuries to escaped whales. The harpoon was a great success and he earned enough profit to build a larger blacksmith shop. However, because he never patented his invention, other blacksmiths copied it and sold it as their own. Some called his invention ���the single most important invention in the whole history of whaling���. Although he died in poverty, he is honored with a statue crafted by black sculptor James Toatley in front of the New Bedford Free Public Library. Name this inventor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 264. She made at least 19 trips into the South and helped an estimated 300 enslaved black people escape to freedom���including her parents and several of her brothers and sisters. She had escaped from slavery in Maryland in 1849. Slaveholders had a $40,000 reward for her capture. She was known as ���Moses of her people.��� She lived for eight years in St. Catherines in Canada and then moved to a home in Auburn, New York where she lived until she died at 96 years of age. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 265. This white lawyer, and later U.S. Senator, was an outspoken opponent of slavery. He argued for desegregated schools, saying that the Massachusetts Constitution declared all men free, equal, and entitled to equal protection of the laws. To deprive blacks of equal education denied them of these rights. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 266. In 1849, Charles Sumner, a strong supporter of equal rights, and Macon B. Allen, the first country���s first black practicing lawyer, argued for desegregated schools in what famous case? |
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Definition
| Roberts v. City of Boston |
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Term
| 267. In this person���s 1849 autobiography, he wrote about the brutality of slavery, and in January 1851, he organized the Refugee���s Home Colony in Canada. Later that year, he founded the newspaper, Voice of the Fugitive, Canada���s first African American newspaper. Name him. |
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Definition
| Henry Walton Bibb (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 268. In October 1849, this man became the first black professor in a predominantly white university. He was named professor of mathematics, ���belles-lettres,��� and French at Central College in McGrawville, New York. Who was he? |
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Definition
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Term
| 269. This African American arrived in San Francisco with her husband during the 1849 Gold Rush. She opened a boarding house, managed estates and made loans. During the 1850s, she actively helped rescue blacks being illegally held in surrounding rural areas. She also worked to pass state laws that gave blacks the right to testify in court and to ride on San Francisco���s streetcars. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 270. This person, born June 15, 1789 into slavery in Charles County, Maryland, escaped from slavery after seeing his father suffer many abuses, including being made to watch the slave owner and overseer cut off his father���s ear. He was sold away from his mother in 1795--at age six. He was sold again several times during his life as a slave. As a slave, he married, became a preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and helped to manage his slaveholder���s plantation. Believing that he had gained the trust of the slaveholder, he made a deal with him to buy his family���s freedom. When his slaveholder refused to uphold his part of the deal and decided to sell him away from his family, he decided to flee with his family. Using the Underground Railroad to successfully arrive in Ontario, Canada in 1830, he wrote a book about his life as a slave (1849). He also founded a settlement and laborer's school for fugitive slaves at Dawn, near Dresden. Harriet Beecher Stowe included portions of his life in the narrative of her book, Uncle Tom���s Cabin. Stowe identified him as the ���real��� Uncle Tom. This person���s autobiography became one of the most popular slave narratives ever published and he subsequently traveled to Britain where he met with Queen Victoria and other dignitaries. Name this person. |
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Definition
| Josiah Henson (1789-1883) |
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Term
| 271. In 1850, this black Bostonian ran on the Free Soil Party ticket for a seat in the Massachusetts legislature, but lost. Already a lawyer, abolitionist, lecturer, and activists, he and others reacted to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 by creating a highly successful Committee of Vigilance to assist and protect escaped slaves. Name him. |
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Definition
| William C. Nell (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 272. In 1850, this legendary black pioneer, fur trader, army scout, and rancher discovered a pass through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The pass, later named for the explorer, became the main passageway for migrants moving West. He traveled throughout the West and became a trusted friend of several Native American tribes. The Crow Tribe name him ���Bull���s Robe��� and made him a chief. Name this famous pioneer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 273. By 1850, much of the cotton produced in the United States was exported to Britain where the inventions of the spinning jenny and the power loom had increased the demand for raw cotton. By this time, America was producing 3 million bales of cotton annually and cotton had become the most vital industry in the South���s economy. What portion of the world's cotton crop was produced by slave states in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| 274. In 1850, the largest civil rights demonstration up to this time occurred in this city. Reverend James W.C. Pennington, a former enslaved black man and blacksmith, refuse to ride on the racially segregated front platform of the Sixth Avenue horse-drawn trolley. When he was physically ejected, his protest sparked other protests and headlines in the press. Where did the protest occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| 275. The U.S. Congress passed legislation that admitted California as a free state and organized New Mexico and Utah territories with no restrictions on slavery. This legislation, introduced by Senator Henry Clay from Kentucky, included a declaration that Congress cannot forbid slave trade among the slave states; and also included a harsh new fugitive law that allowed southerners to recapture enslaved runaway blacks even in free states and made it a crime for anyone to aid a runaway. Name the legislation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 276. Although the exact number of runaways will never be known, it is estimated that approximately 100,000 enslaved black people escaped to freedom using a network of trails and hiding places stretching from Canada to Mexico between 1825 and 1860. Enslaved African runaways started the network. Opponents of slavery allowed their homes, called stations, to be used as places where escaped enslaved blacks were provided with food, shelter and money. The routes were many, and went through 14 northern states and Canada. Just prior to the Civil War, Ohio had the largest number of operators and around 1850, more than 3,000 people worked on this network. Name this network. |
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Definition
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Term
| 277. Laws were passed by slave states in the South over the decades to reduce the number of runaways and to severely punish enslaved, free blacks, and abolitionists who helped them in their escapes to freedom. People who helped enslaved blacks escape to freedom put themselves at great risk of being fined or put in prison. To avoid being caught, ���code words��� were created and used to describe the Underground Railroad. In fact, some of these code words are listed below: agent:, baggage, brakeman, cargo, conductor, Drinking Gourd, forwarding, Freedom Line, Freedom Train, Heaven, Hope, Judgment Day, load of potatoes, Moses, operator, parcel or package, passenger, Promise Land, route, shepherd, station, stationmaster, stockholder, terminal, traveler. Define agent. |
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Definition
| Agent: a person who plots the route and makes arrangements for helping the escaping fugitive slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| baggage: the fugitive or runaway slave |
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Term
|
Definition
| brakeman: a person who helps fugitive slaves find work and a place to live in free states, Canada, and other places |
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Term
|
Definition
| cargo: one or more fugitive or runaway slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| conductor: a persons who guides slaves along their journey or route to freedom or who gives slaves directions on how to escape being caught |
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Term
| 277-5. Define Drinking Gourd |
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Definition
| Drinking Gourd: The Big Dipper star grouping which points to the North Star as a basis for direction |
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Term
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Definition
| forwarding: transporting fugitive and runaway slaves from station to station |
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Term
| 277-7. Define Freedom Line |
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Definition
| Freedom Line: an escaped slave���s route of travel with specific places and landmarks where freedom exists |
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Term
| 277-8. Define Freedom Train |
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Definition
| Freedom Train: the Underground Railroad, i.e., the entire network |
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Term
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Definition
| Heaven: Canada or ���freedom, itself��� |
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Term
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Definition
| Hope: Sandusky, Ohio (location where freedom was very close) |
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Term
| 277-11. Define Judgment Day |
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Definition
| Judgment Day: the day and time of the planned escape |
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Term
| 277-12. Define load of potatoes |
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Definition
| load of potatoes: a wagon full of fugitive slaves who are hidden under farm produce such as hay or potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| operator: an Underground Railroad worker--someone who helps as a lookout, sewing clothing, cooking food for the runaway |
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Term
| 277-15. Define parcel or package |
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Definition
| parcel or package: a fugitive or runaway slave who is traveling along the Underground Railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| passenger: a fugitive or runaway slave who is traveling along the Underground Railroad |
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Term
| 277-17. Define Promise Land |
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Definition
| Promise Land: Canada, or other places across the Ohio River where freedom was realized |
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Term
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Definition
| route: the escape route used over time by one or more runaway or fugitive slave |
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Term
|
Definition
| shepherd: a person who escorts escaping slaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| shipment: arriving fugitive slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| station: a safe place where fugitive are sheltered |
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Term
| 277-22: Define stationmaster |
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Definition
| stationmaster: a person who provides a safe haven or safe house for runaway or fugitive slaves |
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Term
| 277-23. Define stockholder |
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Definition
| stockholder: a person who donates money, clothing, or food to support the Underground Railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| terminal: a stop on the Underground Railroad such as a town or city along the route |
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Term
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Definition
| traveler: an escaping fugitive or runaway slave |
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Term
| 278. In 1850, the majority of California���s black American population lived in San Francisco. This was the case for the first decades after statehood in 1850. Most of the residents were literate, free men and women who migrated to the state from the East Coast. According to the Census, there were only ���962 black men, women, and ���mulattos��� who resided in the Golden State in 1852. Eight years later in 1860, over 1,170 African American lived in San Francisco alone. Relatively high concentrations of African Americans lived in places such as Negro Hill, Placerville, Negro Bar, Grass Valley, and Mormon Hill. What do these places have in common? |
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Definition
| places that grew because of the 49ers gold rush; They were all places where black people mined for gold in California. |
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Term
| 279. This university in Ohio was founded by the Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856 and became the nation���s oldest private, historically black university. Reverend Daniel A. Payne, a member of the governing board, became the first black administrator of a college in the United States. The church purchased property for the new institution at Tawawa Springs, near Xenia, Ohio. It can trace its origin to the Underground Railroad. One of the destination points of this railroad became Wilberforce University. The school was named in honor of a British abolitionist. When the University closed its doors in 1862 because of low enrollment and limited financial support, Bishop Daniel Payne of the African Methodist Episcopal Church negotiated to purchase the University���s facilities. It was newly incorporated on July 10, 1863. Today, it is a four-year fully accredited liberal arts institution. Name it. |
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Definition
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Term
| 280. On September 18, 1850, President Millard Fillmore signed a law that many called the ���slaveholder's dream���--a law that required citizens and federal officers to become diligent slave catchers. The law provided the prompt return of enslaved blacks to slave owners and denied fugitive enslaved blacks a trial by jury or the right to testify on their own behalf. People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership. Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee and this encouraged some officers to kidnap free blacks and sell them to slave owners. Also, anyone who knowingly blocked a fugitive���s arrest could be fined as much as $1,000 for each offense. Name the law. |
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Definition
| Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 |
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Term
| 281. This black woman was forced to flee to Canada to avoid the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. There, she started the Provincial Freeman--a weekly newspaper. She is considered the first African American woman to publish a newspaper in North America. Name her. |
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Definition
| Mary Ann Shadd Cary (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 282. She was perhaps the first African American musical artist to become famous outside the United States. She began her career with a concert before the Buffalo Musical Society and later gave concerts for European royalty, including the Queen of England in 1854. A Buffalo, New York newspaper called her ���the Black Swan.��� Who was she? |
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Definition
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Term
| 283. Black and white abolitionists worked together to help enslaved blacks escape from slavery in the South and find freedom in Canada. The Society of Friends purchased 800 acres of land in Canada for the settlement of fugitives. People in the settlement documented the success of the colony noting that ���when the yoke is taken from off their necks��� they can be as successful as any other people. Name the settlement. |
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Definition
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Term
| 284. One of the most successful networks had branches that connected with main stations in Baltimore, Wilmington, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, and St. Catherines (Canada). Melloe McKim, William Still, Robert Purvis, Edward M. Davis, and others did the work in Philadelphia; David Ruggles, Isaac T. Hopper, Napolian, and others in New York City; Lucretia Mott and Stephen Myers were forwarders from Albany; Reverend Samuel J. May and J.W. Loguen in Syracuse, and J.P. Morris and Frederick Douglass dispatched passengers from Rochester to Canada. In Canada, they were received by Reverend Hiram Wilson. What does this describe? |
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Definition
| Underground Railroad networks |
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Term
| 285. In March 1852, Uncle Tom���s Cabin, a book that described the horrible conditions of slavery, is published. The book, published in the National Era, an anti-slavery newspaper, helped gain support for the abolitionists. The book became an all-time sensation in book-publishing history. Between March 20, the date of publication to the following May, the novel had sold well over a million copies. By 1878, the British Museum had shelved copies of the book in 20 different languages. The author moved to Hartford, Connecticut in 1864 where she lived until her death. Today, her home is a museum and has a significant research library. Who wrote this famous anti-slavery novel |
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Definition
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Term
| 286. In the mid-19th century, people who were anti-slavery and those who were supporters of women���s rights were allies. Those who spoke openly for one frequently did so for the other. This woman traveled throughout the country giving speeches on both issues. In 1852, she attended the second National Woman Suffrage Convention in Akron, Ohio. When she asked to speak before the group, they reluctantly agreed, and this 6��� tall black woman spoke eloquently and comfortably before an audience of women of wealth and education. In her speech she said ���Look at me! Look at my arms! I have plowed and planted and gathered into barns and no man could beat me--and ain���t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man, when I could get it, and bear the lash as well--and ain���t I woman?��� A monument marks the site of this woman���s speech in Akron. Name this abolitionist and feminist. |
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| 287. After being refused admission to a white school, this black woman and her family moved from Salem, Massachusetts to Newport, Rhode Island. She protested segregation of churches, theaters, and even an ocean liner. She began lecturing for the American Anti-Slavery Society when she was 30 years of age. She later practiced medi cine in Florence, Italy. Name her. |
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| 288. This black woman was an unwilling migrant to California in 1853. She traveled from Mississippi (a slave state) to California (a free state) with 300 wagons owned by her slaveholder. She drove the cattle during the long trip. Arriving in California, she petitioned for her freedom and that of other enslaved blacks traveling with her. The Court sided with her petition and they were received their freedom. She eventually became wealthy from land she bought near Los Angeles. Name her. |
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| 289. In 1853, this African American published Clotelle, or The President���s Daughter, the first novel by an African American writer. He was an apprentice printer with Elijah Lovejoy and an agent of the Western Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was a pioneer in writing. In 1958 he published The Escape or a Leap to Freedom--the first play written by an African American. It was an abolitionist drama, and although it was never staged, records show that it was frequently read publicly by the author. In fact, one account of the play being read can be found in the Poughkeepsie Eagle which reported: ���His drama interested and amused his audience, bringing the subject before them more vividly than any argument could have done.��� Name the playwright. |
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| 290. This African American escaped from slavery and later used his home to hide fugitives. He let it be known publicly that his house was booby-trapped with dynamite and slave hunters never raided it. His home became one of the important stations on the Underground Railroad. Name him. |
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| Lewis Hayden (see additional information in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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| 291. This African American, a gifted poet, writer, and speaker of the antislavery movement, grew up in Baltimore, Maryland. She became one of the most noted ���protest poets��� when she published works that examined the racial and gender aspects in slavery. Although she wrote many poems, essays, and articles, one of her most noted works is a novel entitled, Iola Leroy (1893). Name her. |
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| Frances Ellen Watkins Harper |
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| 292. In 1854, Anthony Burns, a enslaved runaway, was arrested in this city. His slaveholder had secured a court order requesting that he be sent back to slavery in Virginia Marine, cavalry, and artillery troops were called into this city to stop an uprising of thousands of citizens attempting to protect Burns and prevent his return to slavery. In what city did this uprising occur? |
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| Boston, Massachusetts (see additional information on Anthony Burns in Part V: Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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| 293. On January 1, 1854, the first black college in the United States was chartered. It was named Ashmun Institute, after Jehudi Ashmun, a white emigrationist and the first president of Liberia. It was called the ���Black Princeton��� because of its demanding curriculum and the fact that its first instructors came from the faculty of Princeton Theological Seminary. What is the name of this university today? |
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| 294. He was born April 1830 and after substantial education in Montreal and Paris, he was ordained the first African American Catholic priest on June 10, 1854, at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Name him. |
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| Father James Augustus Healy (1854) Note: Some sources show that Augustine Tolton was the first Catholic priest when he is ordained in 1886. He received his priesthood in Rome, Italy. Our research shows that Tolton is incorrectly cited as the first African American Catholic Priest in the United States. This is based on research that shows James Augustus Healy was not at the time widely known as African-American. Father Tolton���s service, excellent sermons, splendid education, and eloquent voice have made him renown. In fact, Cardinal Francis George announced in September 2010 that he will appoint a commission to assemble facts about Tolton���s ���heroic virtues��� and introduce his cause for sainthood. |
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| 295. In 1855, John Mercer Langston became the first black person to win elective office in a settled community in the United States. To what office was he elected? |
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| Clerk of Brownhelm Township, Lorain County, Ohio |
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| 296. In 1856, J.M. Weymout established the first black daily newspaper. What was it called? |
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| The Daily Creole of New Orleans (Louisiana) |
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| 297. In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were popular places to settle for migrants from the East. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill to the U.S. Senate that would allow states to enter the Union with or without slavery. Frederick Douglass strongly opposed the bill and warned that it was ���an open invitation to a fierce and bitter strife���. As the bill moved toward passage in Congress, pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups rushed into the territory. Southerners came with their slaves and large numbers of Anti-Slavery supporters arrived, too. A Quaker minister and staunch abolitionist condemned the bill and helped to raise funds to supply weapons to those willing to oppose slavery forces in these territories. John Brown and five of his sons were among the volunteers who headed for Kansas. Name this Quaker minister and identify what his weapons (rifles) were called. |
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| Henry Ward Beecher; rifles were known as Beecher���s Bibles |
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| 298. This was California���s first black newspaper. It was founded in 1856 and published by businessman Mifflin W. Gibbs. The newspaper publicized issues of importance to blacks in California and the West. Gibbs made the newspaper more militant and became one of the most powerful crusaders for equal rights in the state. Name the newspaper. |
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| 299. Some scholars believe that the Civil War actually began in 1856 when abolitionists and pro-slavery forces battled in this state. John Brown, a minister from Connecticut, came to this state to fight with the abolitionists. When this state elected its first legislature in March 1855, as many as 6,000 people voted when less than 2,000 were actually qualified to vote. Most of the unqualified voters were Missouri slave owners and pro-slavery sympathizers who had moved here to make sure pro-slavery candidates were elected. When the new legislature met, they passed laws that imposed the death penalty for anyone helping an enslaved black escape and two years in jail for possessing abolitionist literature. After skirmishes had broken out in different places in the state, Governor Daniel Woodson, who favored slavery, declared that his state was in ���open insurrection.��� Name the state. |
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| 300. On May 19, 1856, this U.S. Senator, a Republican from Massachusetts, stood in the Senate and delivered a speech in which he attacked slavery and the people of the South. He called his speech, ���The Crime against Kansas,��� a reference to the conflict in Kansas Territory between free-soil and pro-slave factions. Several days later, on May 22, the Senate chambers erupts in chaos as Representative Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina, armed with a gold-headed cane, walked into the Senate and savagely beats this Senator. Brooks was uncontrolled in his enraged by the Senator���s attack on the South. Name the U.S. Senator from Massachusetts beaten in this incident. |
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