Term
|
Definition
- Plurality vote, winner-take-all system
- Blocks 3rd party entrants
- Complicated procedures to get listed on the ballot
- Psychology of Voters
- Management of political conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - A principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to favor a two-party system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Since 1964 the vast majority of Blacks have supported the Democratic Party
- Most loyal voting bloc |
|
|
Term
| Blacks and the American No-Party System |
|
Definition
- Political parties have been beneficial to whites
- Represents a form of institutional racism
- From 1787-1860s Blacks didn’t have representation from a major party |
|
|
Term
| - Republican Party loyalty because of |
|
Definition
o The emancipation proclamation
o The Civil War Amendments
o Seats in the House of Reps
- Compromise of 1877
o Black Abandonment |
|
|
Term
| Black Party Politics: 1936-1964 |
|
Definition
- Hoover sided with Lily White Republicans in 1928
- FDR’s economic policy appeal
o Material based interest: jobs, housing and social security
- African Americans enjoy the benefits of the Two Party System |
|
|
Term
| Return to the One- Party System |
|
Definition
- Collapse of New Deal Coalition
o Racism
- Formation of Dixiecrats Party
- Republican party consolidates itself as the conservative party of racial election
- Solidified Black Loyalty to the Democratic Party |
|
|
Term
| - Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party |
|
Definition
o Challenged all-white primary delegation at Democratic Convention
o Fannie Lou Hamer Speech
- Affirmative Action provisions
- Black Democratic Caucus |
|
|
Term
| Blacks Limited Party Options |
|
Definition
- Blacks have limited alternatives in the two party system
- Blacks are structurally dependent |
|
|
Term
| Jesse Jackson Presidential Campaign (1984) |
|
Definition
o Jackson raised concerns about the delegate selection at Democratic Convention
o Congressional districts are bias towards minority and urban voters.
o Run-off primary system bias
o Increased minority representation in campaign org. |
|
|
Term
| Jesse Jackson Presidential Campaign (1988) |
|
Definition
o Success in adding key Black issues to party platform
o Selection of Ronald H Brown for party national chairman
o Presidential strategy more successful due to larger base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Focus on issues important to white middle class
o Project “non-threatening” image |
|
|
Term
| o Can a party reshape its image without making substantial change to its platform? |
|
Definition
| o Main Argument: A party will succeed in reshaping its image when voters perceive the new image as different from the old. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o The totality of political symbols one associates with a political party
o Developed through socialization, encounters, and experiences with party members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Photo ID requirement be instituted in various states across the country
o Australian ballot – makes voting more secretive |
|
|
Term
| - Dominant theories on political participation stress that there are three big elements to participation in politics at the individual level |
|
Definition
o 1. Resources
o 2. Political Engagement
o 3. Mobilization |
|
|
Term
| Black Political Participation |
|
Definition
- Expect Blacks to have low participation because they are weak on the typical indicators
- African Americans participate in politics at a high rate when Socio-Economic Status
- Group-based Political Resources |
|
|
Term
| Scholars argue that the Black church works against black political consciousness, democracy, and militancy |
|
Definition
o Emotionalism
o “Other-worldly” orientation
o “Opiate of the Masses”
o Bear brunt of physical world for greater reward after death |
|
|
Term
| - Other scholars contend that Black churches are helpful because |
|
Definition
o Black churches were instrumental in success of the CRM
o Black churches have been instrumental in electoral politics
o Black churches increase political activity among members of these churches |
|
|
Term
| - Theory of African American Coalition Politics |
|
Definition
. Coalitions with Whites are necessary if Blacks are to achieve most if not all of their policy goals, whether rights based or material based
o 2. Black-white coalitions tend to shift from rights based to material based depending on historical conditions.
o 3. Viable coalitions with Whites are sometimes not possible, forcing blacks to act alone in intragroup coalitions
o 4. Because racism and White supremacist thinking, when coalitions with whites are formed they tend to be weak. |
|
|
Term
| - Political Incorporation |
|
Definition
| he extent to which group interests are effectively represented in policy making |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Incorporation (lowest) |
|
Definition
| no group representation at all |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Incorporation(middle) |
|
Definition
| some representation but resistant to minority interests by governing coalition |
|
|
Term
| Levels of Incorporation(highest) |
|
Definition
| group has an equal or leading role in the dominant governing coalition |
|
|
Term
| Group mobilization and protest Strategy |
|
Definition
o 1.Group Mobilization
o 2. Demand and Protest Activity
o 3. Appointments & Minority Representations
o 4. Governmental Responsiveness on Policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Group Mobilization
2. candidates run for elective offices 3. representative & incorporation Into government
4. governmental responsiveness of policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Pseudo Black Representation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Generational Gap in membership
o Younger members needed addressing their issues
- Lack of accountability
o Need for more transparency
- Unwillingness to step out on controversial issues until is garners media attention |
|
|
Term
| processes that lead to groups being marginalized |
|
Definition
o Identities and norms;
o Ideologies
o Institutions
o Social relationships |
|
|
Term
| 3 Consequences of Marginalization |
|
Definition
- Altered worldviews
- Development of indigenous institutions, information, and leaders
- Comprehensive mobilization |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Marginalization (categorical) |
|
Definition
| slavery – slaves were “different” (non-human), allowed people to treat them worse |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Marginalization (Integrative) |
|
Definition
| – few blacks given privileged status |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Marginalization(Adavanced) |
|
Definition
| formal exclusion through laws |
|
|
Term
| Patterns of Marginalization (secondary) |
|
Definition
focus of Cohen’s book – intragroup relations, “other” people who tarnish the image of blacks
- AIDS |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive Representation |
|
Definition
| representation looks like the demographic |
|
|
Term
| Substantive Representation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Team “No, It Does Not Matter” |
|
Definition
o Carol Swain (1993)
White MCs are just as good as Blacks MCs |
|
|
Term
| Team “Yes, it does matter” |
|
Definition
o Several scholars argue that black representatives matter because they:
Sponsor anti-discrimination policy
Give speeches on race
Hire black staff
Most consistent and reliable supporters of substantive black interests |
|
|
Term
| Three areas of CBC (Congressional Black Caucus) power |
|
Definition
o 1. Lobbying the President
o 2. Presenting the Black agenda and Black alternative budgets
o 3. Legislative Weekends
Black scholars and leaders come to DC to learn about the Black legislative agenda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the allocating of the 435 House seats among the states every 10 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allocation of seats within a state (every 10 years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Court argued that oddly shaped BMD violated rights of White voters |
|
|
Term
| African Americans on Supreme Court |
|
Definition
| - Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas |
|
|
Term
| Rights Based Cases(School Segregation) |
|
Definition
o Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
o Missouri ex rel. Gains v. Canada (1938)
Attack on unequal education began at graduate and professional schools
o Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and Brown II (1969) |
|
|
Term
| Affirmative Action Cases (Education) |
|
Definition
Education:
• Regents of UCal v. Bakke (1978)
• Gratz v. Gutter cases (2003)
• Fisher v. UTexas(2012) |
|
|
Term
| Affirmative Action Cases(Employment) |
|
Definition
• Griggs et al v. Duke Power Company (1971)
• Ricci v. DeStefano (2010) |
|
|
Term
| Affirmative Action Cases(Government Contracts) |
|
Definition
• Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980)
• Croson v. City of Richmond (1989) |
|
|
Term
| Joseph Phillips (on affirmative action) |
|
Definition
o Affirmative action is discrimination
o Evidence says racial preferences enhance negative stereotypes |
|
|
Term
| Tim Wise (on affirmative action) |
|
Definition
o History has been affirmative action for white people
o Slavery, etc has lifted white man (homestead act, FHA loans all affirmative action for whites)
o Affirmative action recipients do not perform worse than anyone else |
|
|
Term
| John McWhorter (on affirmative action) |
|
Definition
o Affirmative Action is not a tie breaker
o Lower SAT score = lower likelihood to graduation
o Lower standard admissions result in lower section of class/failed BAR exam
o Blacks shouldn’t want to compare themselves to legacy students
o AA does not help blacks be the best they can be |
|
|
Term
| Kimberle Crenshaw (on affirmative action) |
|
Definition
| o Track analogy: Blacks have a tougher, obstacle ridden track |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Once in Office
–Appointments/Cabinet
–Major influence over American politics
•Blacks tend to focus on the office in their struggle for social justice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The goals of the office are created by the individual and the political environment |
|
|
Term
| The Presidency and The Policy Process |
|
Definition
1.Agenda setting and initiation
2.Initial Outcome: legislative product
3.Second Outcome: administrative product
4.Repsonse feedback future prospects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
President focuses in on “quick” policies
–Initiates policy and creates agenda for congressional consideration
–Campaigning |
|
|
Term
| Initial Legislative Product |
|
Definition
Factors to forming a policy coalition
•President
•Dept./Agency Bureaucrats
•Committee Structure of Congress
•Legislative Parties
•Constituency Influence
•Black interests are often lost amongst the multiple actors. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Outcome: Administration and Impact |
|
Definition
How is the policy implemented?
–Bureaucratic Agencies/Departments |
|
|
Term
| Response, Feedback and Future Prospects |
|
Definition
| Reassessment of policy/program |
|
|
Term
| Four Federal Bureaus with Race Mission |
|
Definition
1.Civil Rights Commission
2.Equal Employment Opportunity
3.Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday
Commission
4.Civil Rights and Voting Rights Units in the Justice Departments |
|
|
