Term
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Definition
| a process by which a pollination agents transfer pollen from the anthers (male) to the stigma (female) to enable fertilization in plants |
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Term
| Explain 3 reasons why pollination is important for humans |
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Definition
ecosystem service
agriculture
(breakfast without insects = no fruits, jam, coffee, chocolate, juice, milk, cheese)
economic
(35% crops rely on insect pollination, pollination worth $200 bill/yr, bees are chief pollinators -> colony collapse disorder and honeybees, what can we do?) |
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Term
| what is the difference between cross pollination and self pollination? |
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Definition
self pollination is not dependent on the environment
cross - evolution
two types: abiotic (wind and water) and biotic (pollinator necessary) |
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Term
what adaptation of angiosperms (flowering plants) has increased their success in pollination?
why? |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of floral rewards and floral signals used by plants to attract pollinators |
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Definition
floral rewards for pollinators are:
food [nectar (sugar), pollen (protein and lipids), oils (energy)], nesting materials and sites (resins, brood sites), and sex (fragrances that attract the opposite sex)
floral signals for pollinators:
color, floral morphology, nectar guides, scent + volatiles |
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Term
| compare and contrast pollination between beetles, flies, butterflies, moths, and bees. |
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Definition
beetles: strong-scent, open flowers-exposed, not very specialized (beetles eat flower parts)
flies:
hover flies - mimic bumblebees, hover flight (steady), long probiscis
flower flies - mimic bumblebees, hover flight but land, extendable sponge
butterflies - long proboscis/hidden nectar, clustered tubular flowers, not very efficient pollinators, use nectar guides, diurnal pollination
moths: long proboscis, strong scent in flowers, white flowers, nocturnal pollination, the predicted moth
bees: obligate pollen foragers, specialized structures (scopa) for pollen and nectar collection, can't see red or ultraviolet |
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Term
| Which are the best pollinators? |
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Definition
| bees are the most important pollinators |
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Term
| what are the benefits and drawbacks of pollination for both the pollinator and the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are ways that both plants and insects can "cheat the system" in pollination? |
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Definition
cheating flowers: sexual deception (orchid Ophrys)
cheating bees: nectar robbing |
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Term
| what are two ways flowers encourage loyalty of pollinators? |
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Definition
1. get insects to remember you
2. specialization |
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Term
| get insects to remember you |
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Definition
two signals: one signal help pollinators learn the next.
bee accuracy increases when flowers differ in:
1. color AND shape
2. scent AND color |
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Term
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Definition
flower: most efficient pollinator takes rewards
insect: more rewards that are "cheap" to find |
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Term
know examples of specialization.
who is the pollinator? who is the plant? what makes it a specialization? |
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Definition
the legume keel
buzz pollination-
poricidal anthers: only bees that "buzz" anthers by moving their flight muscles can eject the pollen
bucket orchid and orchid bees:
males collect fragrances from orchids |
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