Term
| know the difference between predator, parasitoid, and parasite |
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Definition
predator: kills and consumes a number of prey animals during its life
parasitoid: lives at the expense of another animal (a host) that eventually dies as a result
parasite: lives at the expense of another animal (also a host) but the host does not usually die as a result |
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Term
| which orders are nearly 100% predaceous? |
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Definition
| odonata, mantodea, mantophasmatodea, neuroptera, megaloptera, raphidioptera, mecoptera (adults) |
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Term
| which two orders include a large number of insect parasitoids? |
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Definition
| mostly hymenoptera and diptera (tachinidae) |
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Term
| what are some morphological adaptations for predation? |
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Definition
eyes, legs, mouthparts, and many others!
one specific ex:
hemiptera-true bugs:
giant water bugs have specialized hairs on the head for prey detection. |
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Term
| what are some predation strategies? |
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Definition
sit-and-wait predators (larval tiger beetles, ant-lions)
active hunting (lady bugs, lacewing larvae, hunting wasps)
lures - bolitophila (NZ) and arachnocampa (OZ) |
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Term
| predation strategies - active hunting |
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Definition
active hunting (lady bugs, lacewing larvae, hunting wasps) --
may use random search in combo with cues.
other active hunters use visual, vibrational, and olfactory cues to locate their prey. learning may be involved.
active hunting requires a lot of energy to search for prey, but may reduce the time between prey encounters. |
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Term
| predation strategies - lures |
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Definition
bolitophila (NZ) and arachnocampa (OZ)
cave dwelling fungus-gnats; aka glow-worms
much less common than sit-and-wait or active search. |
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Term
| predation strategies - optimal foraging |
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Definition
cost-benefit, in terms of energy:
maximize the difference between benefit and cost
-increase nutrient gain from prey capture
-reduce effort to capture prey
-balance of both
active hunting is most optimal. |
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Term
| morphological adaptations for predation - eyes |
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Definition
eyes generally large, with good visual acuity (dragonflies and mantids)
often regions of the eye are specialized (larger, flatter ommatidia) for perceiving prey. binocular depth perception enhanced by widely spaced eyes |
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Term
| morphological adaptations for predation - legs |
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Definition
| raptorial forelegs common; legs can have a "basket" configuration in aerial predators |
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Term
| morphological adaptations for predation - mouthparts |
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Definition
Hemiptera -- stylet-like mandibles, maxillae = "beak"
Neuroptera -- fused maxillae, mandibles
Coleoptera -- scythe-like mandibles in some species |
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Term
| predation strategies - sit-and-wait predators |
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Definition
larval tiger beetles, ant-lions, ambush bugs
aggressive foraging mimicry (eg flower-mimicking mantids). low energy output, but may take a lot of time until prey is encountered and eaten. |
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Term
| predation strategies - cannibalism |
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Definition
| very common for insect predators to eat conspecifics. can be advantageous in periods of low prey density. |
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Term
| what is most common for predators: oligophagous, polyphagous, or monophagous? |
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Definition
may be monophagous, but less often.
oligophagy is common
POLYPHAGY ("generalist predator") is V COMMON |
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Term
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Definition
| can eat only a few types of food |
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Term
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Definition
| able to feed on various kinds of food |
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Term
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Definition
| eating only one kind of food |
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Term
| what is the most common host spectrum for parasitoids: oligophagous, polyphagous, or monophagous? |
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Definition
monophagous (very common) or oligophagous (fairly common) both are more common than polyphagous (which is uncommon)
in contrast to predators |
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Term
| discern between ectoparasitoids and endoparasitoids |
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Definition
endoparasitoids: parasitoid develops inside the host
ectoparasitoids: parasitoid develops outside the host
some start as ecto and then burrow themselves into host to become endo, and vice versa |
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Term
| discern between gregarious and solitary parasitoids |
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Definition
solitary parasitoid: one parasitoid individual per host
gregarious parasitoud: more than one parasitoid individual per host |
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Term
| which insect life stages may be affected by various parasitoid species? |
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Definition
| larval-pupal parasitoid, egg-larval parasitoid, egg parasitoid |
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Term
| life stages affected - larval-pupal parasitoid |
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Definition
| parasitoid egg laid in/on larval stage of host; adult parasitoid encloses from the pupal stage |
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Term
| life stages affected - egg-larval parasitoid |
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Definition
| egg laid in egg stage of host; adult parasitoid encloses from larval stage of host |
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Term
| life stages affected - egg parasitoid |
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Definition
| parasitoid develops completely inside host egg |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one parasitoid of the same species in one host; host cannot sustain all the parasitoids to maturity. uncommon in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary parasitoid develops at the expense of a primary parasitoid; in other words "a parasitoid of a parasitoid" |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one species of parasitoid in/on the same host |
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Term
| know the host immune response to parasitoids |
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Definition
encapsulation of parasitoid larvae by hemocytes in host blood, killing it.
an evolutionary response in some parasitoids: polydnaviruses, virus particles that suppress the host's immune system |
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Term
| know how the Red Queen hypothesis applies to predator/prey or parasitoid/host systems |
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Definition
"it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place"
insect predators and their prey are in an ongoing race. to stay in one place they have to keep running. coevolution of predator/prey or host/parasitoid
"for an evolutionary system, continuing development is needed just in order to maintain its fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with" |
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