Term
| What are the functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| using enzymes to help speed up chemical reactions inside cells and serve as components of cell membranes, regulate gene expression, important structural components of cells, can function as chemical messengers |
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Term
| What is the building block of protein? Which atoms does protein consist of? |
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Definition
| amino acids are the building blocks and hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen |
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Term
| How many amino acids are there? What are the essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| 20 and hydrogen, carbon and oxygen |
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Term
| What bond joins amino acids? What gives amino acids unique properties? |
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Definition
| peptide bonds, side groups |
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Term
| Primary protein structure |
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Definition
| the precise sequence of amino acids in a polypetide chain (covalent bonds) |
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Term
| Secondary Protein Structure |
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Definition
| comes about when the polypeptide folds into itself in a regular, repeated fashion (hydrogen bonds) |
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Term
| 2 folds of the secondary structure |
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Definition
| alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| when side groups interact to give the protein its globular three-dimensional shape (all 3 types of bonds) |
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Term
| what parts of amino acids are usually interacting in this structure |
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Definition
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Term
| quarternary structure, subunits of this structure |
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Definition
| three-dimensional structure created by the interaction of these changes, subunits are polypeptide chains and tertiary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| fats, phospholipids and steroids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintain the fluidity of membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which fats should be obtained from the diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| which fats have carbon double bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| do not double bond with other carbons, saturated in hydrogens |
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Term
| which type of fat is better for your body |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of fat is solid and why |
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Definition
| saturated fats/ absence of carbon-to-carbon double bonds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do they make hydrogenated fat? |
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Definition
| combining hydrogen gas with vegetable oils under pressure/ not healthy |
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Term
| which steroid is present in animal cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| storehouse of genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which type of bond keeps the 2 strands of dna together |
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Definition
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Term
| four nucleotides the DNA is formed of? How do they pair with eachother? |
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine/ AT and GC |
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Term
| nucelotides in RNA and single or double stranded |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process by which double-stranded DNA unwinds and separates into single-stranded strads through the breaking of hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| when DNA is not as strong |
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Term
| What are minerals/ can they be synthesized by the body or should be consumed with food? |
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Definition
Necessary for proper fluid balance, muscle and nerve function, and building bones and teeth/ consumed with food |
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Term
| what are proteins broken down into in digestive tract? fats? carbs? |
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Definition
| amino acids/fatty acids and monoglycerides/glucose |
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Term
| what is the function of antioxidants |
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Definition
| protect cells and tissues from damage caused by highly reactive substances caused by free radicals |
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Term
| secondary storage method for ATP, What is adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| primary storage for excess energy that was not stored in ATP |
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Definition
| glycogen in muscle and liver |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how is energy released from an ATP molecule |
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Definition
| like a spring and its released to preform work |
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Term
| phosphorylation of a protein? purpose of phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| addition of a phosphate and to give it more energy |
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Term
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Definition
| subcellular structures (organs of the cell) |
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Term
| Which organelle contains the cellular genome |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cytosol? What is the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| watery matrix containing salts and many of the enzymes required for cellular reactions/ cytosol and organelles |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the mitochondria |
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Definition
| energy-harvesting organelles sorrounded by two membranes |
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Term
| What are lysosomes and what are their functions |
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Definition
| membrane-enclosed sac that enzymes that degrade proteins, carbs and fats/ roam around the cell and engulf nutrients as well as dead and dying organelles |
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Term
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Definition
smooth: without ribosomes attached to it
rough: with robosomes attached to it |
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Term
| function of ribosomes/location in the cell and what do they mostly consist of |
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Definition
| work benches where amino acids are joined together to produce proteins/nucleus/in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of membraneous sacs |
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Term
| what are the vesicles made of and what do they transport |
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Definition
| pinch off from the ER to fuse with the gogi apparatus/ proteins |
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Term
| cytoskeleton and function |
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Definition
| network of filaments and tubules found in the cytoplasm/ provides structural support and facilitates movement |
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Term
| Which filaments start at cenrioles |
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Definition
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Term
| main component of plasma membrane/ what else can be found in cellular membrane |
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Definition
| isolates the cell's contents from the environment and serves as a barrier that determines which substances are allowed in and out of the cell/phosopholipid bilayer,protein and cholesterol |
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Term
| polar and non-polar parts of a phospholipid/ which part is facing water and which is not |
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Definition
| heads are polar and tails non-polar, head exposed to water and tail not |
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Term
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Definition
transport proteins:help move substances towards one side of the membrane to the other side
glycoproteins: proteins with short carbohydrate chains attached |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, does not require energy |
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Term
| Which types of molecules cannot diffuse through the membrane? |
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Definition
| hydrophillic molecules and charged molecules/non-polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of transport that does not require an imput of energy from the cell/ passive |
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Term
| what kind of molecule does faciliatated diffusion require/ is the energy from ATP needed for it? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are hydrophilic and charged molecules transported across membranes? |
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Definition
| transported across membranes by proteins embedded in lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water across a membrane |
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Term
| hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic |
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Definition
hypertonic:solution contains a higher concentration of dissolved solute than the cell
hypotonic:concentration of dissolved solute is greater inside the cell than outside and water will enter by osmosis
isotonic:equal concentration of solutes and water on both sides of the cell's membrane |
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Term
| In which solution does the cell shrink? In which solution does it burst? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of transport requires energy input from ATP? Why is this kind of transport required? |
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Definition
| active transport, to maintain the difference in concetration across the membrane |
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Term
| exocytosis and endocytosis |
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Definition
exocytosis:occurs when a membrane bounded vesicle carrying some substances fuses with the plasma membrane and secretes it contents into the exterior of the cell
endocytosis:occurs when a substance is brought into the cell and the plasma membrane buds inward bringing the substance with it |
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Term
| what kind of molecules are transported in this method? |
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Definition
| bulk transport of many molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that speed up the rate of reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that are metabolized by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| region of the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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Term
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Definition
| phenonmenon of enzyme shape determining the reaction the enzyme catalyzes |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic reactions occuring in cells that result in the oxidation of macromolecules to produce ATP |
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Term
| what molecule's bonds are broken during cellular respiration/what is produced/what are by-products |
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Definition
| electrons chemical bonds/oxygen/carbon dioxide |
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Term
| where is the glucose molecule broken down first?what is the name of this reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the rest of the reactions breaking down glucose take place? what enzyme synthesizes ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the extra protein in our body? when is it used for energy |
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Definition
| it is not stored in the body, is broken down into amino acids which are then used to make new proteins/when there is no fats or carbs |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells generate energy is the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| other term to describe anaerobic respiration and what is the by-product of this process |
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Definition
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Term
- In the absence of oxygen, what alternative forms of respiration do muscles use to produce energy?
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Definition
| fermentation, anaerobic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| all chemical reactions occuring in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| amound of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C |
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Term
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Definition
| resting energy use of an awake, alert person |
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Term
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Definition
| self-starvation/lack of menstration, sterlility and osteoperosis |
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Term
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Definition
| production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence |
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Term
| are both strands of DNA transcribed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does transcription occur? where is the RNA transported to after the transcription? what enzyme synthesizes RNA |
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Definition
| nucleus/to ride the DNA molecule and unzip the double helix (mRNA)/RNA polymerase |
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Term
| differences between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
DNA:ATCG,double stranded, contains chemical code that must be transcribed
RNA:AUCG, single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| descrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits, consisists of sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| subcellular structure composed of long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nuclelus |
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Term
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Definition
| entire suite of genes present in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies, enzymes, hormonal, structural, store energy |
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Term
| protein synthesis and what are they composed of? |
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Definition
| joining amino acids together, in an order directed by a gene to produce a protein |
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Term
What part of DNA does RNA polymerase recognize and bind to |
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Definition
| the promoter: the nucelotide sequence at the begining of the gene |
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Term
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Definition
introns: intervening sequences which correspond to sequences of DNA that don't code for proteins (removed from the completed RNA)
extrons: which carry the protein-building instructions |
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Term
| where does protein synthesis take place/what enzyme is required for this/ what 2 types of RNA are involved in this |
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Definition
| ribosomes in the nucleus/RNA polymerase/ribosomal RNA and Transfer RNA |
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Term
| which type of RNA serves as a template for protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
Which RNA brings specific amino acids to appropriate positions to form the protein |
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Definition
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Term
| how many nucleotides form one codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are anticodons and where are they located |
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Definition
| region of tRNA that binds to an mRNA codon, located at the base of the tRNA |
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Term
| how do anticodons assist the process of translation |
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Definition
| when a tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, a covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acids |
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Term
| what ends the process of translation |
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Definition
| when many amino acids are joinied together and the required protein is produced |
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Term
| is there an amino acid for this sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shows which mRNA codons code for which amino acids |
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Term
| how many amino acids does each codon code for? is the genetic code universal |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes to the dna sequence |
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Term
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Definition
a single nucleotide change or deletion |
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Term
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Definition
| – when a point mutation results in substituting one amino acid for another |
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Term
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Definition
| changes the codon to a stop codon, resulting in an abbreviated protein |
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Term
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Definition
•a mutation that does not affect a protein. The genetic code is redundant; several codons may code for the same amino acid = neutral mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| inserting or deleting a nucelotide |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria synthesized this protein in huge amounts, protein is purified from bacteria, isolated from other organism |
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