Term
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Definition
-Organisms of defined species living in defined geographic area
-Close enough to interbreed
-Share common gene pool |
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Term
| Characteristics of Populations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Space
>Density or Mass/Unit Area or Volume
*Sample Random Selected Plots (Large Organisms)
*Pelts Taken
*Mark and Recapture or Track (Small Moving Organisms)
>Catch 100 Bees and mark, Release, Catch 50, 5/50 are marked, 10% of population is marked, =1000 Bees |
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Term
Distribution
(Can Influence Density) |
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Definition
-Uniform
> Implies Negative Interactions
> Competition Territorial
-Random
>Biological Influences do not influence distribution (Bushes, Wildflowers)
-Clumped
>Positive Interactions
>Due to Resources
>Mating, Saftey, Food, Water |
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Term
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Definition
- Age Structure
> # of Cohorts and # per Cohort
-Baby Boomers of 1950-1969
-Influence of WWII deaths on the # of Males age 75-79
-Trees
>Undisturbed Forest: Many younger trees, Few older trees
>Overgrazed Forest: Few younger trees, Many older trees |
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Term
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Definition
-Semelparous
>Big Bang, then die, need ideal conditions
-Seasonal Iteroparous
>Breeding Season
>More energy devoted to lifetime breeding
-Continuous Iteroparous
>Breed at anytime (Humans, Chimpanzees) |
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Term
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Definition
-Studies one group (Cohort) and measures its death and survival rate |
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Term
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Definition
-Curve I
>Death via Old Age
>Death via Degenerative Diseases
>Few Offspring B/C energy invested in maternal care
>Iteroparous
>Mostly Large Mammals
-Curve II
>Constant Proportion
>Die at every age due to random events
>Few offspring B/C of maternal care
>Iteroparous
-Curve III
>Most Common
>Lots of offspring but die young B/C maternal care
>Many are semelparous
>Many Invertabres, Fish, Amphibians
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Term
| Growth of the Whole Population (Many Cohorts) |
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Definition
-Influenced by Births, Deaths, and Emmigration
-# of Births/Total Population - # of Deaths/Total Population = Per Capita Growth Rate (R+/-0)
-Rmax: maximum birth, minimum death (ideal)
>Genetically determined
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Term
| Logaritmic Growth of a Population |
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Definition
-If R>0 then Births>Deaths
-Change in # (N)/Unit Time(T) = rN
>Ideal Conditions = N/T=RmaxN
-Populations Grows faster as N increases even though the Rate is the same |
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Term
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Definition
-Grow Exponentially and Reach High Density
-Species brought to a new location where they have historically not been found
-4500 have established free living populations
-About 15% cause problems |
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Term
| Deliberate Introduction of New Species |
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Definition
-Predators for local pets
-Hunting
-Familiar from "Home"
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Term
Accidental Introduction of New Species
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Definition
-91% of ships sampled had living organisms
>Ex. Zebra Mussels
-Packing Material
>Dutch Elm Fungus
-Imported Nursery Stock |
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Term
Logistic Population Growth
(Density-Dependent) |
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Definition
-Birth>>>>D (Rmax), Birth>>D, Birth=Death at K
-K=Carrying Capacity: # of organisms supported by the enviorment without damage to the enviorment
>Depends on enviorment and can change
-N/T = r ((K-N)/K)N |
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Term
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Definition
-Is due to......
-Resource Fluctuation
-Interactions with Other Species
-Biotic Factors
>Competition or Predation can cause fluctuation of the 2 species
-Boom & Bust
>Density-Independent Factors
*Weather can result in overexploiting resources (Boom) then a Food shortage (Crash)
-Abiotic Factors
>Weather, Pollution
-Human Activities
>Hunting, Habitat Destruction, Global Warming |
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Term
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Definition
-Provide rescue to fragmented populations
>Routes for animals to move along (Hedgerows)
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Term
| Density Dependent Factors |
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Definition
-Limited Resources
-Stress due to overcrowding
-Waste accumulation
-Disease
-Interspecific Interactions
>Parasitism
>Predation
>Competition |
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