Term
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Definition
| Lack teeth, No muscles mastication, Fusion of bones, Single occipital condoyle, Large eye orbits |
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Term
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Definition
| the fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds |
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Term
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Definition
sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae.
Ilium and ischium are fused and contribute to synsacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| final few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature |
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Term
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Definition
The vertebral column
More cervical vertebrae
Fusion of thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae into Notarium, Synsacrum, Pygostyle. |
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Term
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Definition
Pectoral girdle and forelimb
Scapula, Coracoid (large) and the Clavicle (fused) form a stiff brace
Forelimb specialised for flight
Humerus- attachment of flight muscles
Radius and Ulna (secondary flight feathers)
Fused carpo-metacarpus / reduced number of phalanges (attachment of primary flight feathers) |
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Term
Weight Reductions
Pelvis and Hindlimbs |
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Definition
Ilium and ischium are fused and contribute to synsacrum
Free pubis
Femur, Fibula and Tibio-tarsus
Tarso-metatarsus
Phalanges (4) in chicken but vary |
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Term
Weight Reductions
Integument |
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Definition
Feathers
Wattles, combs etc
Skin, non-elastic, aglandular, thin
Uropygial (preen) gland
Horny thick scales, spurs, metatarsal and digital foot pads |
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Term
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Definition
| is the source of vocalisation |
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Term
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Definition
Birds do not have a diaphragm
Lungs are non-elastic
A series of Air sacs draws the air through the lung |
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Term
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Definition
Species variation
Oesophagus (and crop)
Proventriculus - glandular
Gizzard- muscular- cuticle
U shaped duodenum and pancreas
Jejunum and ileum - mesentery- fan like
Paired Caeca (variable)
Rectum
Cloaca (Coprodeum) |
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Term
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Definition
Heart- 4 chambered
Surrounded by the lobes of the liver
RBC Nucleated
Thrombocytes- platelets |
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Term
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Definition
Oviparous - produce eggs
Testes/Ovary and oviduct regressed except during breeding season
Ductus deferens /left oviduct open into cloaca
Kidneys (paired) – Reptilian and mammalian nephrons
Uricotelic
No urinary bladder
Each Ureter open into cloaca directly, with reflux into caecae for water absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Receives:
faeces from rectum
uric acid from Ureters
sperm from Deferent ducts or egg from left oviduct
Cloacal bursa- lymphatic tissue
The Vent- Dorsal and ventral lips (phallus in galliformes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Macaw
Hyacinth Macaw: ENDENGERED! |
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Term
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Definition
Sex determination is possible in several ways:
External aspect in dimorphic bird
During endoscopy or laparoscopy (illegal if only for sexing)
DNA using feathers or blood |
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Term
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Definition
Stainless steel or power coated wire
NO galvanized materials! Zinc toxicity
Preferable horizontal bars
Not curved cages to maximise space
Easy to clean |
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Term
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Definition
Room in the house where to sleep: 12h dark and 12h light
Not in the kitchen: Teflon® is toxic for birds |
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Term
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Definition
Very important for the health of the animal
Different diameters
Best perches are natural tree branches (fruit tree) |
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Term
| Common Husbandry related pathologies |
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Definition
Vitamin A deficiency
Hypocalcaemia
Feather plucking
Poor reproductive performance
Boredom |
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Term
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Definition
Microchip
Rings
Claw and beak clipping
Good diet and husbandry |
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Term
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Definition
| hawks, falcons, eagles and vultures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Carnivorous
Varied food intake: more stimulating and prevent nutritional deficiencies
Whole carcasses feeders
DOCs: day old chicks
Live food is illegal in UK
Once a day or twice in smaller species |
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Term
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Definition
Hood: leather cap to calm the bird
Aylmeri: leather anklet
Jesse: leather strap
Swivel: metal ring between jesse and leash
Leash: used to secure the bird
Gloves
Lure: imitation of a bird for training |
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Term
| Husbandry Related Issues for Raptors |
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Definition
Bumblefoot
Tip wing oedema
Aspergillosis
Endoparassites
Broken feathers
Nutritional deficiencies |
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