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| (c. 1660’s) paid by English government to make microscopic discoveries. Published: Micrographia (1635-1703). Also found cells in cork [he called cilia]. |
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| (c. 1670’s) fabric merchant- examined fabric very closely with his own, salf-made microscope (which was very well made). Began studying fabrics in microscope. Saw/drew all basic shapes of bacteria, sperm, and microscopic single cell organisms. Father of Microbiology. |
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| (c. 1820) began putting stains in cells to be able to compare/contrast. Found one single big structure in all cells when stained (nucleus). |
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| (c. 1830’s) cell theory: all living things are composed of cells, smallest units possessing all properties of life. |
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| (c. 1860) modification of cell theory: all living things come from other living things (biogenesis). Resulting debate: biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation. |
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| the organisms basic units of structure and function |
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| Characteristics of all cells |
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Plasma Membrane
Genetic material composed of DNA
Cytoplasm |
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| invented the microscope in the late 1500’s [was actually more similar to what we would consider to be a magnifying glass] |
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| DNA cells exist in a nucleoid |
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| In bacteria and archea cells |
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Very small cells
Lack significant internal complexity
Possess a nucleiod
Cell type found in all members of the domains archea and bacteria |
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Larger, more complex cells. These cells posses a well-defined nucleus and a variety of membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles
Genetic material is surrounded by a double layer of membranes
Found in all members of the domain eukarya which includes the kingdoms animilia, plantae, fungi, and protista |
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| Plasma membrane: differentially (selectively) permeable |
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| Animal cell outer structure |
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| Cell Wall: provides protection and support |
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| Plant cell outer structure |
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| Plasma membranes consist of: |
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Definition
Lipids and proteins
Biomolecular layer of phospholipids, plus occasional steroids
Proteins on surfaces and protruding inward and throughout
Not a fixed, solid structure
“Fluid Mosiacs” |
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| Common types of membrane proteins |
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Attachment proteins
Recognition proteins (+ carbs=glycoproteins)
Receptor proteins (cell signaling) sends a message and tells the cell something to do
Enzymatic Proteins (catalyze reactions)
Transport Proteins- moves polar materials from one side to the other |
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| moves materials with the concentration gradient—from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
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| Passive process of materials entering and leaving cells |
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| net movement of particles from areas of high concentration of those particles to areas of lower concentration |
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| : the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane |
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| movement of materials (ex: sugar) from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration but with a helper (transport protein). |
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| A "helper" that moves materials in a cell. |
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| move materials against concert ration gradient (from low to high) with the help of transport proteins. |
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| Groups of similar cells that function together to carry out specific activities in multi-cellular organisms. |
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