Term
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Definition
| Microorganisms are called microbes which are too small to view with a naked eye. |
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Term
| what is the most abundant within microbes? |
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Definition
| Most abundant is bacteria, but included under microbes are bacteria , fungi: yeasts and molds , viruses , protozoa and algae |
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Term
| Where do the microbes live? |
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Definition
They live on our skin, in our mouths and in our intestines among many other body parts.
They are in the air, and on virtually every surface we touch. |
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Term
| How long has been bacteria exist in the earth? |
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Definition
| Bacteria have existed on the Earth for over 3.5 billion years, and they outnumber humans by a wide margin. |
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Term
| What is the microorganisms used as? and what are their used for? |
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Definition
Microorganisms are used as "tools for biotechnology" in biotechnology.
- used in the environemt
-foods we eat
-producing recombinant drug for the treating humans |
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Term
| What do the microbes depends on? |
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Definition
| The use of microbes as “tools for Biotechnology” depends on the cell structure. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Features of a eukaryotic cell: |
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Definition
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Term
| Features of a prokaryotic cell: (add more) |
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Definition
Usually by binary fission, no mitosis and no meiosis needed.
Not bounded by a nuclear membrane.
Usually contains one circular chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
No nucleolus.
Nuclear body is called a nucleoid |
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Term
| What do we classidied cells based on? (prokaryotes and eukaryotes ) |
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Definition
Cells are classified based on presence or absence of nucleus.
&
the organization of their cellular structure |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell is the basic unit of life |
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Term
| Examples of eukaryotic cell types? |
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Definition
| Animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and algae all possess . |
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Term
| Examples of prokaryotic cell types? |
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Definition
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Term
| Similarity within prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| -Both, must carry out the same life processes. |
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Term
| What do we call the nuclear body? |
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Definition
| Nuclear body is called a nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
-They are prokaryotes
-Single-celled, microscopic organisms.
-Bacteria have few membrane bound organelles.
-They grow and divide rapidly.
-Easy to make mutant strains which can be used for molecular and genetic studies.
Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells. |
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Term
| What are the shape of bacteria? |
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Definition
-coccus
-rod or bacillus,
-spiral. |
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Term
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Definition
-They are (typically) circular double stranded DNA molecules that are separate from the chromosomal DNA .
-They usually occur in bacteria.
-Their size varies from 1 to over 400 kilobasepair(kbp).
-There are from one copy, for large plasmids, to hundreds of copies of the same plasmid present in a single cell |
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Term
| what is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ? |
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Definition
| a nucleic acid which carries genetic instructions). |
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Term
| Where does the bacteria and other simple organisms dna located? |
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Definition
| located in the centre of the cell, but not separated from the cytoplasm and by a nuclear envelope. |
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Term
Draw Schematic of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed! What does it contain?
(slide 22) |
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Definition
1.Chromosomal DNA
2.Plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
-Yeast is a group of single celled grouped under fungi.
-A few species of which are commonly used to leaven bread and ferment alcoholic beverages.
-A few yeasts, such as Candida can cause infection in humans. |
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Term
| What species cause 80 percent of yeast infections ? |
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Definition
| -About 80 percent of yeast infections are caused by a specific species of Candida, called Candida albicans. |
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Term
| what is Candida? where can you find them? and what are its symptoms? |
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Definition
it`s a type of yeast or fungus, is normally found in the body.
Symptoms include:
-Thick, white, odorless vaginal discharge
-Vaginal itching and burning.
-Pain or discomfort with urination or sexual intercourse.
-Vulva redness or irritation. |
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Term
| what is the most commonly used yeast that is used for commercial purposes? and what does it used for? |
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Definition
----Saccharomyces cerevisiae
*domesticated for wine
*bread and beer production thousands of years ago. |
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Term
| How do the yeasts are produced for leavening bread? |
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Definition
| Yeasts for leavening bread may be produced commercially or caught from the environment. |
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Term
| what kind of the yeast are present on top of skins of grapes? |
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Definition
| Wild yeast is naturally present on the skins of grapes. |
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Term
| How do the winemakers decide what kind of yeast to use? |
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Definition
Winemakers use a variety of different yeasts depending on
*the type of wine
** the condition of the grapes. |
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Term
| is the bacteria larger or yeast? size of yeasts? |
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Definition
| Yeast varies greatly in size but is larger than bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of conditions do the yeast live in? |
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Definition
| Many grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobic conditions) and others in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions). |
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Term
| What kind of sexual and asexual reproduction do the yeasts have? and what does they go through? |
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Definition
****Yeasts can reproduce asexually through budding
**** sexually through the formation of spores. |
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Term
| what are the enzymes that were identified? |
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Definition
| Several thermostable enzymes, like the Taq polymerase have been identified and widely used in PCR and other reactions. |
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Term
| what does the cellulase obtained from? |
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Definition
| obtained from E.coli and degrades cellulose, a polysaccharide in plant cells. |
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Term
| what does the denim jean is treated with? and where does it come from? |
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Definition
* is treated with cellulose, from fungi
*Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger, to give the faded look and texture. |
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Term
| what does the enzyme can be called? |
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Definition
| Enzymes can rightly be called the catalytic machinery of living systems. |
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Term
| What is the enzymes responsibility ? |
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Definition
| Enzymes are responsible for fermentation of sugar to ethanol by yeasts, a reaction that forms the bases of beer and wine manufacturing. |
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Term
| what do the enzymes oxidize ethanol to? what does this reaction used as? |
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Definition
| Enzymes oxidize ethanol to acetic acid. This reaction has been used in vinegar production for thousands of years. |
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Term
| Most industrial enzymes are what? |
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Definition
More than 75% of industrial enzymes are hydrolases. Protein-degrading enzymes constitute about 40% of all enzyme sales
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