Term
|
Definition
| Any technique that uses living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products, improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cheese making
2. wine making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. genetic engineering
2. clonning
3.cell culturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yogurt is a food produced by the fermentation of milk by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| bacteria involved in yogurt fermintation |
|
Definition
1. streptococcus thermophilus
2. lactobacillus bulgaricus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lactic acid being formed by the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what gives yogurt the semi solid apperance |
|
Definition
| increase in lactic acid causes the casein micelles to unravel and form a mesh like structure |
|
|
Term
| what are the four components of milk |
|
Definition
1. water
2. fat
3. casein micelles
4. lactose |
|
|
Term
| what does streptococcus and thermophilus mean |
|
Definition
- a chain of spherical bacteria
- bacteria can live in high tempritures |
|
|
Term
| what does lactobacillus and bulgaricus mean |
|
Definition
-a rod shaped bacteria that can convert lactose in milk to lactic acid
- explains where the bacteria was first seen (bulgaria) |
|
|
Term
| what does acetaldehyde do to yogurt |
|
Definition
| it gives it its pungent smell and taste. |
|
|
Term
| what is the word and chemical equasion for fermintation of lactose |
|
Definition
lactose - lactic acid + 2ATP
C6 H12 O6 - 2C3 H6 O3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 4 names refer to the shape of bacteria |
|
Definition
1. cocci
2. bacilli
3. spirilli
4. Vibrios |
|
|
Term
| what names sugest cluster and chains of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to bacteria when conditions are favourable |
|
Definition
| reproduce by binary fusion to produce genetically identical daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens to bacteria when conditions are not favorable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does phytosynthetic mean |
|
Definition
| capeable of making their own food |
|
|
Term
| what does heterophilic mean |
|
Definition
| not capable of making their own food |
|
|
Term
| how do heterotrophic bacteria eat |
|
Definition
| secrete enzimes onto a food source, digest the food outside the cell and then obsorb the souble food into the cell by diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what are bacteria called when they do and do not need oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the range of ph levels in which acidophillic, neutrophilic and alkaliphilic bacteria live in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzimes are biological catalysts that are made inside cells but can function internally and externally |
|
|
Term
| are enzime activities effected by tempritures |
|
Definition
| yes. when the temp is above 50 deg c when the shape of the active site changes perminently |
|
|
Term
| what is enzime activity effected by |
|
Definition
chemical inhibitors which compete with the subtrate molecule for the enzimes active site.
inhibitrs either temporairily or perminitly block the active site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an important molecule of hereditry in all living things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA is a double sided molecule made of two chains of neucleotides |
|
|
Term
| what else can DNA be described as |
|
Definition
lader- like molecule
where the sides are sugar- phosphate
backbones and runs are complementery pairs |
|
|
Term
| what are the four bases that pair up |
|
Definition
Thymine- adenine
guanine- cytosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it carries hireditory information in the form of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene is a small section of the DNA molecule which contains a coded message |
|
|
Term
| how is the coded message stored |
|
Definition
| as a sequance of bases on one side of the DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| what is a chromosone made up of |
|
Definition
| DNA and contains many genes |
|
|
Term
| what is one side of the DNA a coded message for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common organism used in genetic engineering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are plasmids used for |
|
Definition
| transfer a selected gene into a bacterium |
|
|
Term
| what enzime is used to cut the plasmid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzime is used to glue the plasmid back together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is done to the gene for making human insulin |
|
Definition
| found and isolated from the human genome |
|
|
Term
| how is the gene transfered to a suitable bacterium |
|
Definition
| using restriction and ligase enzimes the gene can be spliced into a plasmid and transfered |
|
|
Term
| why is bacteria a perfect host cell for the human gene |
|
Definition
| a clone of the identical cells can be producing during binary fussion |
|
|
Term
| why is agrobacterium tumefaciens used by genetic engineeres to transfer selected genes into plant cells |
|
Definition
| its a natural enemy and can be used as a vehicle to transfer genes into food producing plants |
|
|
Term
| how is the gene transfered to the plant |
|
Definition
| spliced into a plasmid and transfered to the agrobacterium tumefaciens |
|
|
Term
| what was used in early GE |
|
Definition
| antibiotic reistance genes called marker genes, where also inserted into the plasmid. some scientists beleive that this is what accelerated the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how are the agrobacterium tumefaciens transfered into the plant |
|
Definition
| small peices of plant chosen to be GE are placed in a culture medium and covered with the GE agrobacterium tumefaciens |
|
|
Term
| what causes the plant tissue to begin to grow roots and a stem |
|
Definition
| further culturing with growth factors |
|
|
Term
| whay are the plants then grown in soil in a glasshouse |
|
Definition
| to test for characteristics of the gene and to test for problems the GE plant may have on humans, the enviroment and other species. |
|
|
Term
| what is GE on human cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are diseases such as cystic fibrosis being treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the problem with cistic fibrosis patients |
|
Definition
| too much salt inside their cells which results in an osmotic inbalance and water entering the cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the build up of salt due to |
|
Definition
| a faulty cistic fibrosis transfer gene (CFTR) |
|
|
Term
| what is the vector for transfering the healthy cistic fibrosis transfer gene into the lung cells of a CF patient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the CFTR gene do once inside the cell |
|
Definition
| makes a protein that allows the cell membrane to allow salt to leave the cells to restore the correct water levels inside the lung cell |
|
|
Term
| what is an alternative method to transfer the genes inside the lung cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat droplets into which the genes can be hidden. lung cells will accept the liposomes as food and constantly take in the hidden genes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 benefits of GE |
|
Definition
1. cheaper medicine production
2. more nutritionous foods
3. crops better suited to saline soils and drought conditions |
|
|
Term
| what are the concerns for genetic engineering |
|
Definition
1. safety
2. jumping genes may cause an evolution of super weeds
3. acceleration of antibiotic resistant bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 ethnical concerns |
|
Definition
1. companies like monsanto have a conflict of interest with making pesticides and herbisides as well as GE crops
2. genes can be patented
3. threat to third world countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of living organisms in relation to their enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biotic and abiotic features of an enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the populations of animals and plants (biotic factors) occupying a location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non living factors in an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living factors in an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of making their own food (producers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not capable of making their own food (consumers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the relationships between organisms that live in the oceans of the world |
|
|
Term
| what are plankton known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most numerous of phytoplanktons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the remains of dead organisms in the ocean called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are food chains used for |
|
Definition
| to show the feeding relationships and flow of energy in an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| what is at the start of a food chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a biomass pyramis show |
|
Definition
| the dynamics of energy in an echosystem |
|
|
Term
| what does a food web show |
|
Definition
| all the feeding relationships and flow of energy in an echosystem |
|
|
Term
| what do addaption of animals enable them to so |
|
Definition
| survive in their enviroment |
|
|
Term
| what do adaptions help an organism to fufill |
|
Definition
1. food/ water
2. protection
3. reproduction |
|
|
Term
| what are structual adaptions related to |
|
Definition
| physical features of an organism |
|
|
Term
| what are behavioural adaptions related to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are phsycological adaptions related to |
|
Definition
| the internal functioning of an organism |
|
|
Term
| what is the structial adaptation of fins on fish used for |
|
Definition
| the controlled movement in the ocean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. spiny dorsal fin
2. soft dorsal fin
3. caudal fin (tail)
4.anal fin
5. pelvic fin
6. pectoral fin |
|
|
Term
| all organisms need to exchange gass with their enviroment by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 characteristics of gass echange surface to increase the rate of difusion |
|
Definition
1. large surface area
2. thin
3. moist |
|
|
Term
| what needs to difuse in and out of fishs blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extract oxygen from the water |
|
|
Term
| how is the rate of diffusion increased |
|
Definition
| counter- current system where the water and blood flow in oppisate directions |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 characteristics of sewage |
|
Definition
99% water
disolved organic matter
high nutrient levels
ten high levels of heavy metals
chemical toxins |
|
|
Term
| how do toxic algal blooms begin |
|
Definition
| discharge of sewage with high neutrient levels which accelerate the growth of blue green algae |
|
|
Term
| what does an algal bloom result in |
|
Definition
depletion of oxygen
death of organisms due to the build up of toxins in the water |
|
|
Term
| what is the depletion of oxygen in water called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does sewage with high organic matter do |
|
Definition
| provide food for aerobic bacteria as they consume the organic matter they demand oxygen |
|
|
