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| MSDS What is it and what does it do? |
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Definition
Material Safety Data Sheet
contains information on storage, hazards, first aid, reactivity, physical properties, and disposal of chemicals |
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| What are the four classifications for Biological Safety level of labs? Briefly describe each one. |
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Definition
| BSL1 - Microorganisms and DNA studied are not known to cause disease in healthy people. No eating or contact lenses in the lab. Hands must be washed after experimentation. BSL2 - Universities, hospitals, national laboratories. Agents used in lab pose a moderate risk to personnel and the environment. Includes most tissue culture work. certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment. BSL3- This level is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation.[7] It includes various bacteria, parasites and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans but for which treatments exist. Requires double door access, special ventilation systems. All procedures involving the manipulation of infectious materials are conducted within biological safety cabinets, specially designed hoods, or other physical containment devices, or by personnel wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment. BSL4 - This level is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and various other hemorrhagic diseases. This level is also used for work with agents such as Smallpox that are considered dangerous enough to require the additional safety measures, regardless of vaccination availability. When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply, is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a level four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a biosafety level 4 (or P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release. |
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What does the Blue area represent and what are the 5 levels?
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What does the Red area represent and what are the 5 levels?
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What does the Yellow area represent and what are the 5 levels?
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What does the White area represent and what are the 5 levels?
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Biohazard
biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic needles |
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Corrosive
Corrosive materials can attack (corrode) metals or cause permanent damage to human tissues such as the skin and eyes on contact. Burning, scarring, and blindness may result from skin or eye contact.
Corrosive materials may also cause metal containers or structural materials to become weak and eventually to leak or collapse.
Ammonia, fluorine, and hydrochloric acid are examples of corrosive substances. |
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Environmental
Environmental pollution or hazardous to the environment symbol sign advise caution from a wide range of potential dangers.
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Definition
| Explosive : explodes easily or react violently. eg. Sodium metal and other alkali metals, Nitroglycerin |
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Definition
| Flammable : Catches fire easily. eg. Methanol |
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Harmful
Harmful : Danger to ourselves but not as dangerous as toxic |
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Ionizing radiation
The new symbol will not be visible under normal use, but only if someone attempts to disassemble a device that is a source of dangerous radiation. It will not be located on building access doors, transportation packages or containers.
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Oxidizers :
substances that give other substances oxygen to burn. eg. potassium Permanganate |
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Radioactive :
Emits rays or particles which can attacks or harms us. Eg: Uranium-235 |
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Toxic :
Can cause death if inhaled, touched or swallowed eg: Potassium Cyanide |
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A container for measuring a moderate volume of a liquid
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Definition
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a piece of laboratory glassware calibrated to contain a precise volume at a particular temperature.
Used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. They are usually pear-shaped, with a flat bottom, and made of glass or plastic.
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Definition
| A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated flask) is a piece of laboratory glassware, a type of laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise volume at a particular temperature. Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a flat bottom, and made of glass or plastic. The flask's mouth is either furnished with a plastic snap/screw cap or fitted with a joint to accommodate a PTFE or glass stopper. The neck of the volumetric flasks is elongated and narrow with an etched ring graduation marking. The marking indicates the volume of liquid contained when filled up to that point. The marking is typically calibrated "to contain" (marked "TC" or "IN") at 20 °C and indicated correspondingly on a label. The flask's label also indicates the nominal volume, tolerance, precision class, relevant manufacturing standard and the manufacturer’s logo. The volumetric flasks are of various sizes, containing from 1 to 10 000 mL of liquid. |
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Transfer pipettes,
also known as Beral pipettes, are similar to Pasteur pipettes but are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.
plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume |
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Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely accurately (accuracy of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a volumetric flask). Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for titration.
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Micropipette
Micropipettes are used for accurately transferring small volumes of liquid in the milliliter and microliter range. We will cover three basic sizes of these handy little instruments.
The liquid is drawn into, and dispensed from a disposable pipette tip - The disposable tip is changed between liquid transfers. Pre-rinse every new pipette tip with the liquid to be pipetted.
The volume is set by turning the dial. When decreasing the volume, slowly turn the dial to reach the required volume. Be careful not to overshoot. When increasing the volume, pass the desired volume by one-third turn and then slowly decrease the volume to the final mark.
The display is read from top to bottom. |
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Burette
A graduated, long, glass tube that is similar to a graduated pipet; however it is filled by pouring a solution into th etop and emptied via a stopcock at the base. |
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Erlenmeyer flask
also known as a conical flask, is a widely used type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck
Slanted sides and narrow opening facilitate swirling and mixing of the contents without spilling |
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Reagent bottles
also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers and are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves.
Some reagent bottles are tinted amber (actinic), brown or red in order to protect light-sensitive chemical compounds from visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation which may alter or break them down. |
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| An autoclave is a device used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents |
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How would you calculate the weight of one mole of CaCl2
Ca: 20 atomic number & 40.08 atomic mass
Cl: 17 atomic number & 35.45 atomic mass |
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Definition
1 mole of CaCl2 is calculated by adding the atomic mass of each of the atoms in the molecule.
Ca 40.08
Cl 35.45
+ Cl 35.45
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110.98 g/mol |
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One mole of of CaCl2 is 110.98 g/mol
How do you prepare a 1 molar solution
( 1 M Solution ) |
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Definition
Use a powder funnel to transfer 110.98 g of CaCl2 crystals to a 1 liter volumetric flask.
Use a squirt bottle filled with water to rinse any remaining CaCl2 crystals into the flask.
Add 500 ml of water and dissolve by swirling. Once dissolved add water to the flask until the meniscus just touches the 1 liter mark on the neck of the flask. |
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Term
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What classification of bacteria is this |
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Definition
Bacillus
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis |
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Term
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What classification of bacteria is this |
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Definition
Coccus
Strep Throat
Streptococci |
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Term
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What classification of bacteria is this |
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Definition
Spirillum
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms |
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| What are the three domains of life on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaea that live in very harsh environments are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria are enclosed by a plasma membrane and a ______ cell wall |
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Definition
| Bacteria are enclosed by a plasma membrane and a Peptidoglycan cell wall |
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Term
| What is the peptidoglycan cell wall composed of? |
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Definition
The peptidoglycan cell wall is composed of two alternating sugars
NAM N-acetylmuramic acid
NAG N-acetylglucosamine |
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Term
| What is the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative |
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Definition
Gram Positive
Thick peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria will absorb the crystal violet and turn purple
Gram Negative
Thin peptidoglycan cell walls will release the stain when they are washed with alcohol or acetone (finger nail polish remover) |
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| What are the four basic steps of the Gram stain: |
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Definition
There are four basic steps of the Gram stain:
Applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed smear of a bacterial culture.
The addition of iodine, which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell,
Rapid decolorization with alcohol or acetone, and
Counterstaining with safranin. |
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Term
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What classification is this bacteria |
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Definition
Cocci
Sarcina is a genus of Gram-positive cocci bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae.
Bacteria in the Sarcina genus typically form a cuboidal arrangement of eight cells.
A synthesizer of microbial cellulose, they have a cuboidal cell arrangement.
Various members of the genus are human flora and may be found in the skin and large intestine.
The genus's type species is Sarcina ventriculi, a variety found on the surface of cereal seeds, in soil, mud, and in the stomachs of humans, rabbits, and guinea pigs.[ |
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What classification is this bacteria |
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Definition
Coccus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria characterized by cells arranged in tetrad clusters (four cells in a square formation) or large, often irregular, grape-like clusters.
A bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA).
MRSA is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed, through the process of natural selection, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.) and the cephalosporins.
The evolution of such resistance does not cause the organism to be more intrinsically virulent than strains of Staphylococcus aureus that have no antibiotic resistance, but resistance does make MRSA infection more difficult to treat with standard types of antibiotics and thus more dangerous.
MRSA is especially troublesome in hospitals, prisons and nursing homes, where patients with open wounds, invasive devices, and weakened immune systems are at greater risk of infection than the general public. |
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| Bacteria that prefer high levels of oxygen to grow at their maximum rate are called |
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Definition
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| Bacteria that must have oxygen to grow |
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Definition
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| Bacteria that prefer to grow in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
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| Bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria that grow best in cold conditions between -15 and 10 centigrade |
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Definition
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| Bacteria that grow best between 45 and 80 centigrade ( a very hot texas day but below the boiling point of water ) |
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Definition
Thermophilic Bacteria
The ability to grow above 60°C (140°F) is confined to prokaryotes (cells that lack a nucleus) divided into two groups:
moderate thermophiles that have maximal growth temperatures of 50–60°C (122–140°F), and
hyperthermophiles that grow optimally at 80°C (176°F) or higher with maximal growth temperatures of 90°C (194°F) or higher.
The highest temperature for growth by a pure culture (Pyrolobus fumaris) is 113°C (235°F), although there is some evidence that deep-sea vent hyperthermophiles may grow and survive at higher temperatures under elevated pressures. |
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| Bacteria that grow best above 80 centigrade but most need temperatures below the boiling point of water |
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Definition
hyperthermophilic
The ability to grow above 60°C (140°F) is confined to prokaryotes (cells that lack a nucleus) divided into two groups:
moderate thermophiles that have maximal growth temperatures of 50–60°C (122–140°F), and
hyperthermophiles that grow optimally at 80°C (176°F) or higher with maximal growth temperatures of 90°C (194°F) or higher.
The highest temperature for growth by a pure culture (Pyrolobus fumaris) is 113°C (235°F), although there is some evidence that deep-sea vent hyperthermophiles may grow and survive at higher temperatures under elevated pressures.
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| Bacteria that live in high salt concentrations |
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Definition
Halophiles
Many Bacteria require salt to maintain their osmotic balance but some extremophiles can survive in extremely salty conditions up to 5.1 M of NaCl |
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| A protein that is artifically produced in a genetically modified organism is called |
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Definition
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Extrachromosomal DNA mainly found in bacteria, capable of
autonomous replication
Typically circular and double-stranded |
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Definition
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| What are the steps for producing a genetically engineered organism |
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Definition
Extract desired DNA from host and cut it into fragments using restriction enzymes. These fragments will contain both the gene you are searching for and many others.
Extract Plasmid Vector from bacteria and open them with restriction enzymes
Use DNA ligase to join the desired DNA strand into the open Plasmid Vector by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Insert Plasmid into a bacteria
Each bacteria will contain one gene so you must select bacteria that contains the desired gene and destroy the others
Grow that particular bacteria until you have enough to extract
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