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-gross (naked eye) -microscopic -developmental -embryology |
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-macroscopic -regional -systemic -surface |
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-molecular/cellular -systemic/organic -dynamic |
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the function of an organ/organ system depends on its structure (form and function) |
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arrangement of things in a ranked series |
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-pyramidal structure -higher controls lower levels -levels may interact but are physically independent -ex. military ranks |
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-aka inclusion hierarchy -not necessarily pyramidal -each level has members that are part of a larger system -not independent -ex. Russian dolls |
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when components of nested hierarchies combine, new properties emerge that were not present at a lower level |
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-emergence of properties that CAN be directly linked to properties of the component -protein structure |
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-emergence of properties that cannot be directly linked to the properties of the component -ex. communication btw neurons |
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hierarchy of the human body |
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-chemical level -cellular level -tissue level -organ level -organ system level -organismal level |
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ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions |
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factor/event being regulated |
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monitors of the environment that responds to change |
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receives signal from the sensor and determines appropriate response |
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receives signal from control center and elicits a response from the variable |
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effector turns off or reduces the original effect of the variable |
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-response from the effector enhances the original stimulus -not a good regulatory mechanism |
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-often do not work in isolation -homeostasis occurs at the price of energy consumption -homeostasis allows for adaptability |
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-work antagonistically or synergistically -compete with one another -have a hierarchy -have redundancy -take priority over others |
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