Term
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Definition
-occurs in all tissues
-occurs in cytosol
-converts glucose to pyruvate
-net production of ATP
-requires NAD+
-oxygen NOT required
-10 rxns
-inhibited by high energy signals and v/v |
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Term
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Definition
-phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
-enzyme-hexokinase or glucokinase (liver and pancreas)
-irreversible
-requires ATP
-regulated step |
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Term
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Definition
-isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
-enzyme-phosphoglucoisomerase
-aldose-ketose isomerization
-reversible
-not regulated |
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Term
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Definition
-phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
-enzyme-phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
-irreversible
-MOST IMPORTANT REGULATED STEP (rate limiting) |
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Term
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Definition
-cleavage of fructose-1,6 bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-enzyme-aldolase
-reversible
-not regulated |
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Term
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Definition
-isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-enzyme-triose phosphate isomerase
-reversible
-not regulated
-conversion must occur for dihydroxyacetone phosphate to continue in the metabolic pathway
-net product of cleavage of fructose-1,6 bisphosphate is 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
-oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)
-enzyme-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-requires NAD+
-reversible
-not regulated
-energy released by oxidation is conserved in the formation of high E phosphate bond (help drive ATP production in next step) |
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Term
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Definition
-synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate
-enzyme-phosphoglycerate kinase
-high E phosphate used to form 1 ATP (2 per glucose)
-recoups the ATP used in the E investment phase
-reversible
-not regulated
-in RBCs 1,3-BPG can be shunted to form 2,3-BPG which increases oxygen delivery |
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Term
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Definition
-shift of phosphate group from C3 to C2 forming 2-phosphoglycerate
-enzyme-phosphoglycerate mutase
-reversible
-not regulated |
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Term
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Definition
-dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
-enzyme-enolase
-contains high E phophate for next step
-reversible
-not regulated |
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Term
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Definition
-formation of pyruvate from PEP
-enzyme-pyruvate kinase
-produces 1 ATP (2 per glucose)
-irreversible
-regulated |
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Term
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Definition
-hemolytic anemia-reduced oxygen carrying capacity
-pyruvate kinase deficiency-prevents ATP production in RBCs (cells die and lyse) |
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Term
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Definition
-steps 1,3,10
-feeback/foreward
-hormonal (gene transcription) |
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Term
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Definition
-hexokinase is inhibited by product
-glucokinase is inhibited by fructose-6-phosphate
-glucokinase is activated by glucose |
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Term
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Definition
-regulation of PFK-1 by E levels
-inhibited by high ATP and citrate
-activated by high AMP and fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
-regulation of pyruvate kinase
-activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (liver)
-inactivated by phosphorylation (PKA)when glucagon levels are high (liver) |
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Term
| hormonal regulation of glycolysis |
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Definition
| -slower response but more profound effects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what happens next? with oxygen present |
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Definition
-pyruvate will be converted to Acetyl CoA and will enter TCA cycle
-NADH generated will be recycled to NAD+ for future use in ETC |
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Term
| what happens next? w/o oxygen |
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Definition
NAD+ is regenerated by conversion of pyruvate to lactate
-enzyme-pyruvate dehydrogenase
-cells with low oxygen
-keeps producing ATP thru glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
-in muscle-glucose to pyruvate to lactate
-travels to liver-lactate to pyruvate to glucose |
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