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Biosystems II
Bacteria and Pathogenicity
35
Biology
Graduate
03/06/2012

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Term
prokaryotic cell structure
Definition
-ds circular DNA
-extrachromosomal DNA on plasmids
-nucleoid (no nuclear membrane)
-no organelles in cytoplasm
-cell wall of peptidoglycan and LPS
-70S ribosome (target of aminoglycosides and macrolides)
Term
periplasmic space
Definition
-contain hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake
-can inactivate antibiotics
Term
capsules/slime layers (glycocalyx)
Definition
-resistance to phagocytosis and dessication
-adherence to surfaces
Term
bacterial cell wall
Definition
-inner-plasma membrane
-middle-cell wall
-outer-glycocalyx
Term
gram positive
Definition
-peptidoglycan 20-80nm
-highly polar
-hydrophilic
-target of penicillin and cephalosporin
Term
gram negative
Definition
-peptidoglycan 5-10nm
-LPS
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
-shape and rigidity
-withstand high osmotic pressure
-strands consisting of alternating NAMA and NAG (sugars) crosslinked via peptides
Term
LPS
Definition
-endotoxin is a lipid exclusively found on prokaryotes
-lipid A base of LPS responsible for toxicity
-bind of endotoxin to TLR4 (releases pro-inflammatory cytokines)
-presence in circ. may lead to shock
Term
3 parts of LPS
Definition
-Lipid A-activates TLR4
-core polysaccharides
-O-antigen-hydrophillic, sometimes used to determine serotypes
Term
Acid-fast/Acid Resistant bacteria
Definition
-rod shaped bacteria with lipid rich cell walls
-composed of polysaccharides, waxy acid (mycolic acid), and glycolipids (sterols)
-little or no peptidoglycan
-cell membrane provides structural integrity
-grow very slowly because hard to build lipid rich cell walls
-stained with carbon-fuchsin (pink) and methyl blue
Term
spheres
Definition
cocci
Term
rods
Definition
baccili
Term
helical
Definition
spirochetes
Term
vibrio
Definition
btw rods and helical
Term
pili
Definition
attachment process
Term
flagella
Definition
swimming and swarming
Term
what can pass bacterial membrane
Definition
-hydrophobic molecules
-small uncharged polar molecules
-large uncharged polar molecules?
-dependent on size, charge, solubility
-how do they leave this barrier?
Term
helicase
Definition
unzips
Term
topoisomerase
Definition
-untangle
-DNA gyrase in bacteria?
Term
transcription initiated by
Definition
promoters
Term
sigma factor
Definition
-regulatory protein that binds promotor then RNA polymerase can trascribe
Term
rho
Definition
kicks off RNA polymerase
Term
50S subunit
Definition
tRNA subunit
Term
30S subunit
Definition
mRNA
Term
A site
Definition
-aminoacyl-tRNA (acceptor)
Term
P site
Definition
-peptidyl-tRNA (growing chain)
Term
E site
Definition
-binds free tRNA (exit)
Term
start codon
Definition
AUG
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Term
stop codon
Definition
UGA, UAA, UAG
Term
direction of translation?
Definition
Term
penicillin
Definition
-targets cell wall
Term
quinolones
Definition
target DNA gyrase
Term
tetracycline and streptomycin (aminoglycosides)
Definition
target protein synthesis (30S ribosome)
Term
erythromycin and chloramphenicol (macrolides)
Definition
-targets protein synthesis (50S ribosome)
Term
extra chromosomal elements
Definition
-independently replicating
-encode for replication, resistance, virulence
-tool for molecular biology
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