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prokaryotic cell structure |
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Definition
-ds circular DNA -extrachromosomal DNA on plasmids -nucleoid (no nuclear membrane) -no organelles in cytoplasm -cell wall of peptidoglycan and LPS -70S ribosome (target of aminoglycosides and macrolides) |
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-contain hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake -can inactivate antibiotics |
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capsules/slime layers (glycocalyx) |
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-resistance to phagocytosis and dessication -adherence to surfaces |
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-inner-plasma membrane -middle-cell wall -outer-glycocalyx |
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-peptidoglycan 20-80nm -highly polar -hydrophilic -target of penicillin and cephalosporin |
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-peptidoglycan 5-10nm -LPS |
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-shape and rigidity -withstand high osmotic pressure -strands consisting of alternating NAMA and NAG (sugars) crosslinked via peptides |
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-endotoxin is a lipid exclusively found on prokaryotes -lipid A base of LPS responsible for toxicity -bind of endotoxin to TLR4 (releases pro-inflammatory cytokines) -presence in circ. may lead to shock |
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-Lipid A-activates TLR4 -core polysaccharides -O-antigen-hydrophillic, sometimes used to determine serotypes |
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Acid-fast/Acid Resistant bacteria |
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Definition
-rod shaped bacteria with lipid rich cell walls -composed of polysaccharides, waxy acid (mycolic acid), and glycolipids (sterols) -little or no peptidoglycan -cell membrane provides structural integrity -grow very slowly because hard to build lipid rich cell walls -stained with carbon-fuchsin (pink) and methyl blue |
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what can pass bacterial membrane |
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-hydrophobic molecules -small uncharged polar molecules -large uncharged polar molecules? -dependent on size, charge, solubility -how do they leave this barrier? |
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-untangle -DNA gyrase in bacteria? |
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transcription initiated by |
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-regulatory protein that binds promotor then RNA polymerase can trascribe |
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-aminoacyl-tRNA (acceptor) |
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-peptidyl-tRNA (growing chain) |
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AUG Shine-Dalgarno sequence |
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direction of translation? |
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tetracycline and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) |
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target protein synthesis (30S ribosome) |
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erythromycin and chloramphenicol (macrolides) |
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-targets protein synthesis (50S ribosome) |
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extra chromosomal elements |
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-independently replicating -encode for replication, resistance, virulence -tool for molecular biology |
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