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| explains that the function of an organ, organ system, etc. depends on its structure. ex. structure of bone allows it to function as the body's support |
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| arrangement of objects, people, elements, etc in a ranked or graduated series. link entities either directly or indirectly. |
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pyramidal structure.
higher levels control the components of lower levels.
levels may interact but are physically independent.
ex. military ranks |
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| nested hierarchies (inclusion hierarchy) |
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not necessarily pyramidal in structure.
each level has distinct members that are a subsystem of a larger system.
levels are not independent.
ex. human body |
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| concept that when members of nested hierarchies are combined, new properties emerge that were not present at the lower level. |
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| property of a structure that emerges at a higher level of organization |
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emergence of properties that can be directly linked to properties of the component. (not something completely new).
ex. protein structure |
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emergence of properties that cannot be directly linked to the properties of the component. (completely new)
ex. communication between neurons. |
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| factor or event being regulated |
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| monitors the environment and responds to change |
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| receives signal from control center and elicits a response from the variable. |
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| toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
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body erect, fleet slightly apart, palms facing forwards.
left and right refer to sides of the subject, not the observer |
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| away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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| toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
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| toward or at the back of the body; behind |
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| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
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| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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| between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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| closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| toward or at the body surface |
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| away from the body surface; more internal |
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divides body vertically into right and left parts.
produces a sagittal section |
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| midsagittal (median) plane |
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| divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts |
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| transverse (horizontal) plane |
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divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.
produces a cross section |
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| protects nervous system. two subdivisions cranial and vertebral. |
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| houses internal organs (viscera). two subdivisions thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
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| subdivision of thoracic cavity. two cavities- each houses a lung |
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| subdivision of thoracic cavity. contains pericardial cavity. surrounds thoracic organs. |
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subdivision of abdominopelvic cavity.
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver |
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subdivision of abdominopelvic cavity.
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, and lower large intestine |
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| thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid. smooth and shiny |
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lines internal body walls.
parietal pericardium, pleura and peritoneum. |
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covers internal organs.
visceral pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum |
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| receives signal from sensor and determines appropriate response |
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