1. ID the hypothesis

2. set up the null hypothesis

3.  perform statistical test

4.  if p≤a there is a statistical significance

5.  the null hypothesis H_o is rejected

6. the alternative hypothesis H_a is accepted

1. identify research hypothesis
2. set up the directional hypothesis H_d
3. perform statistical test
4. if p≤alpha there is a statistical significance
5. the directional hypothesis H_d is not rejected 

do not reject the H_d

in a normal distribution

y axis (vertical)--?

x axis (horizonatal)--?

y-frequency (which increases for the bottom, the origin, to the top)

x - magnitude ( which increases from the origin to the right)

in any normal distribution____% is found between 1 and -1 standard deviation

___% from 2 to -2

___ for 3 to -3

68%

95%

>99%

it involves determining a level of probability where the researcher feels the results would happen only rarely strictly due to chance

0.05;  meaning the probability of obtaining similar results strictly due to  chance is 5 times or less in 100.

as α increases what type of error

as decreases?

α=?

as increases-type 1

as decreases-type 2

α= 1-β

the smaller the n the, the flatter the bell shaped curve, and therefore the larger the standard error of the mean

as the n increases the SEM decreases and the bell shaped curve begins to more closely resemble the normal curve

SEM=

s

 ____

√n

1. used to compare (the differences between) 2 means
2. used for interval or ratio level data
3. used to estimate the probability of obtaining a similar difference between means stricly due to chance 

one sampled

paired-samples

independent

paired t-test

compares 2 sample means gathered from the same subjects where df= n-1

• compare only 2 sets of scores
• use interval or ratio level data
• homoscedascity (equality of variences of the sample groups) for the independent t test

decrease

an effect size (d) is considered small

0.2

0.3

0.4

use ____ to compare 2 means

but use_____ to compare more than 2 means

use t tests-2 means

use ANOVA for more than 2

answer with t and z

the value of ___ locates the position of a socre on a distribution (for a population), while the value of ___ locates the position of a diferencein sample means on a distribution of sample means.

1. z

2. t

in anova the independant variable is __________

and the dependent variable is _________ or _____

ind- categorical

dep- interval or ratio

variance associated with the independent variable is termed_________ ______________ variance or ____________ variance

or _________{_______}

between groups or explained

Sum of Squares between or SS _between

variance associated with random variation is termed __________  ______ variation or

 _____________ variance or ______

also SS_{___} or SS_{__}

within group variance

unexplained variance

variance of error

SS_within or SS_error

F= mean squares between

____________________

mean squares within

formula for MS_between

MS_between=SS_between

                  ------------

             df

where df=(k-1)

k is # of groups which are the levels of categories of the independent variable

MS_within= SS_within

                         ------------------

         df

where df= k(n-1) where k is the # of groups which are the levels of categories of the ind. variable and n is the number within each group

1.in an F anova the explained or between groups variance is ________ among the ind. variables

2.  the variance explained by each independent variable individually is called a ____ ____

3.  the variance explained by the independent variable together is called an ______

1.partitioned (attributed)

2.  Main effect

3.  interaction