Term
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Definition
| one presynaptic neuron, releases a NT into the synaptic cleft, and it binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters are released from the cell, and go bak and affect the cell they were just released from to regulate how much it releases for example |
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Term
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Definition
| the NTs are released from a cell, they affect cells in parallel and around them...not the direct post synaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the NTs travel a very far distance through the blood stream to get to a far away cell (ex leaves the brain and goes to gonads) |
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Term
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Definition
hormones released into the environment to connect with other species. this helps animals to communicate. humans produce pheromones but there is great debate over whether humans
within species communication |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism releases a substance or chemical that affects another species (to the benefit of the releasers)....this is cross species |
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Term
| what structure releases melatonin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the first three principles of hormone actions |
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Definition
1. hormones act in a gradual fashion...NT get released and bind to the cell, get broken down and start again within milliseconds. Hormones are released in a slower fashion (they travel further distances and their affects last longer). Ex puberty
2. hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behaviour. if a man was alone and gave him testosterone, not much would happen . if he was with a woman and then got injected, he might be horny
3. The relationship between behaviour and hormones is reiprocal. Sex gives you more testosterone, more testosterone means more sex |
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Term
| what are the 4-6 principles of hormone actions? |
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Definition
4. A hormone may have multiple effects and one behaviour can be affected by several hormones.
5. Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern...in bursts. ex: if you see a tiger, or in response to environmental cues or internal hormonal cues |
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Term
| What are the 7-9 principles of hormone action |
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Definition
7. hormones can interact with other hormones and change their effects. ex...if you give a rat only estrogen nothing happens, but if you give is progesterone and estrogen together it will mate.
8. across species, hormone structure is similar, but functions can vary. ex: we have testosterone, so do fish and rats but it has a different function
9. hormones can only affect cells with a receptor protein for that hormone. just like NTs if your testes release testosterone, it doesn't bind all over your body... it only binds where there are receptors...and the receptors only occur where testosterone has a function |
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Term
| Similarities of Neuronal and endocrine communication |
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Definition
both synthesize messenger chemicals and store them for later
both involve secretory events
both require specific receptors
both use second messenger systems (they don't always but they can) |
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Term
| Differences between neuronal communication and endocrine communication |
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Definition
neurons can be compared to a telephone... direct connection between neuron to neuron
endocrine system can be compared to a radio... send the signal out to the word and anyone with an antenna can connect (any receptor for that hormone can pick it up)
Time and distance of action - NTs are very fast, don't go far at all, hormones are slow and travel far distances and have longer lasting effects
Voluntary control - have control on behaviours that NTs control, which triggers NTs but you can't say oh i'd like to release more testosterone but you can lift you arm to cause NTs to be released |
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Term
| What are the three types of NTs? |
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Definition
| small molecule NTs, Neuropeptides, and gases |
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Term
| what are the types of small molecule NTs? (3) |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, Monoamines, Amino Acids |
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Term
| What are types of Monoamines? |
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Definition
| Catecholamines and Indolamines |
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Term
| give examples of catecholamines |
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Definition
| dopamine, epineprhine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What is an example of an indolamine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the examples of Amino acids? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Criteria to be considered a NT. |
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Definition
has to be synthesized within a neuron (can't be something external like cigarette smoke that would bind to an acetylcholine receptor)
is released in response to an action potential and affects the postsynaptic cell
If placed in an experiment, it would cause a response by a synapse
A mechanism exists to end the interaction between the NT and the postsynaptic cell aka enzymes or reuptake |
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Term
| ligand and it's three potential effects |
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Definition
| a substance that binds to a receptor and has one of three effects (agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist) |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates the normal effects of the receptor, gets the receptor to do what it normally does |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands, blocks the receptor so other things can't bind there |
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Term
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Definition
| more rare, for example gaba is an inhibitory NT, so gaba receptors are involved in getting you to chill out... inverse agonists can bind to gaba receptors and induce seizures |
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Term
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Definition
in the CNS it has to do with REM sleep (rapid eye movement stage of sleep)
and activates/stimulates the cortex (related to REM sleep, learning and memory)
in the PNS it is involved in neuromuscular junctions (ex: spinal cord interaction with muscles) and muscle activity |
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Term
| Acetylcholine receptors (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
an acetylcholine receptor
they are ionotropic receptors
found on muscle fibers and in the CNS
they are sitmulated by nicotine and generate muscles twitches |
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Term
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Definition
metabotropic acetylcholine receptor
predominant in the CNS
axoaxonic synapses (one axons synapses to another axon)
presynaptic faciliatation |
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Term
| Tyrosine --> ____ --> _____ --> _____ --> ____ |
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Definition
| L-dopa, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Dopamineric Systems: Nigrostriatal system |
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Definition
comes from the substantia nigra....
terminals of it's axons are in Striatum
it's receptors are metabotropic
it's function is to control movement. if this system breaks down, parkinson's disease can occur because dopamine is dying off |
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Term
| Dopamineric Systems: Mesolimbic system |
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Definition
comes from the ventral tegmental area
it's terminals are in the limbic system, and the nucleus accumbens
It's functions are reward, memory and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
comes from locus coeruleus
terminals are in most of the brain
The receptors are metabotropic and respond to both epinephrine and norepinephrine
It's functions are vigilance and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
comes from raphe nuclei
terminals are in most of the brain
receptors are mostly metabotropic
Functions: mood, sleep, appetite |
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Term
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Definition
a major excitatory NT in the CNS
there are metabotropic gulatmate receptors (mGluRs)
ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate |
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Term
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Definition
major inhibitory neuron in the CNS
receptors GABAa (ionotropic), alcohol binds to this and stops neurons from firing
GABAb (metabotropic)... g proteins open this and lets potassium out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
two or more amino acids together
they are released from an axon terminal
they have no reuptake/recycling
often released at the same time as NTs
They are considered NTs in the brain, but considered hormones in the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuses out of cell as soon as it is produced, no vesicles hold them, no receptors...they get directly into other cells |
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Term
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Definition
movement of a drug through the body
1. the drugs get into the body
2. get into bloodstream
3. get out of the bloodstream to access receptors (usually in CNS)
4. get out of the body |
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Term
| Routes of Administration for drugs |
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Definition
oral
sublingual (under the tongue..ex lsd)
inhalation
intranasal
topical - doesn't have to be broken down by the liver or anything so you can use lower doses
intrarectal- through the rectum
injection (intravenous, intramuscular injection, subscutaneous) |
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Term
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Definition
things that are fat soluble can cross more easily than things that aren't... smaller molecules get in easier than bigger ones.
Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain.
Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body.
Maintains a constant environment for the brain.
General Properties of the BBB
Large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily.
Low lipid (fat) soluble molecules do not penetrate into the brain. However, lipid soluble molecules, such as barbituate drugs, rapidly cross through into the brain.
Molecules that have a high electrical charge are slowed |
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Term
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Definition
| re-uptake NTs, some drugs can cause transporters to not work (cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, prozac blocks the reuptake of serotonin) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do drugs exit the body? (5) |
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Definition
Biotransformation via enzyms in the liver
water soluble - exit through urination
less water soluble - exit via defecation
rate of excretion usually increases relative to the amount of drug
elimination half-life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| means the drug is effective than 50% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| you want to show that your drug response occurs at a lower response...drug A is better than b, because you have to take way more of b to get a result |
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Term
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Definition
| drug A has a stronger effect generally |
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Term
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Definition
| there is occasionally a cut off point where it gets worse rather than better |
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Term
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Definition
| the lethal dose at which 50% of people that take it will die |
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Term
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Definition
| between the ED and the LD |
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Term
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Definition
| the ED and LD are closer together like heroin for example...it is much more dangerous |
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Term
| What factors affect drug use? (5) |
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Definition
1. Timing of administration (because of circadian clocks, body might react differently at diff times of day)
2. Drug interactions - a drug can make another drug less effective or it can synergize the other drug
3. Individual differences - race, gender
4. Setting - before you do a drug in a place you did it before, your body will go into withdrawal (hospital example...might overdose)
Repeated administration (tolerence, sensitization, withdrawal) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Antipsychotic (neuroletpic) drugs |
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Definition
a class of drugs that treat schizophrenia
Typical and Atypical neuroleptics |
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Term
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Definition
treat depression
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I)
Tricylics
SSRIs |
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Term
| Medicinal Psychoactives: Typical neuroleptics |
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Definition
| targest the dopamine D2 recptor, and reduces the amount of dopamine in the brain... problem with this is it removes all pleasurable sensations and results in parkinsons disease after a while |
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Term
| Medicinal Psychoactives: Atypical neuroleptics |
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Definition
| block serotonin receptors....serotonin often causes hallucinations. by blocking serotonin, it also decreases the dopamine levels |
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Term
| Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Anxiolytics |
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Definition
| minor transquilizers, they are depressants...drugs that reduce nervous system activity (ex alcohol, barbituates, benzodiazepines) they depress your CNS |
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Term
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Definition
it's a depressant.
usually your frontal lobe would tell you not to do something....
when you drink alcohol, your frontal lobes don't say no...it inhibits the normally inhibiting effects of the frontal lobes |
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Term
| Pscyhoactive Drugs - Stimulants |
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Definition
Nicotine
Caffeine
Adderall and Ritalin
Amphetamine and methamphetamine
cocain
MDMA (Ecstacy) |
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Term
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Definition
opium
percoset/oxycontin
codeine
morphine
heroin |
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Term
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Definition
enkephalins
endorphins
dynorphins |
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Term
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Definition
LSD (acid)
MEscaline (peyote)
Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) have mainly visual effects
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Ketamine
MDMA (ecstacy) |
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Term
| Marijuana is derived from _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the active ingredient in marijuana is |
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Definition
| delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol ... aka THC |
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Term
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Definition
| relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, hallucination and paranoia |
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Term
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Definition
| homologs of marijuaa produced in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
an endocannabinoid with many effects
altered memory function
appetite stimulation
reduced pain sensitivity |
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Term
| what are 4 factors that influence addiction susceptibility? |
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Definition
1. Biological (sex, genetic predisposition)
2. personal characteristics (aggressiveness, emotional control)
3. Family situation (family breakup, poor relationships, sibling drug users)
Environmental factors - (peer pressure, social factors) |
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