Term
| what makes one species evolutionary independent of other species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three criteria for identifying a species? |
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Definition
| biological species concept, morphological species concept, phylogenetic species concept |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary independent population or groups of populations |
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Term
| What is the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| the critical criterion for identifying species is reproductive isolation |
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Term
| What is an advantage of the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| evolutionary independence |
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| not applicable to asexual or fossil species. |
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Term
| What is the morphospecies concept? |
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Definition
| identify evolutionary independent lineages by differences in size, shape, or other morphological features |
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Term
| What is an advantage of the morphospecies concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of the morphospecies concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
| Based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations |
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Term
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Definition
| clade, lineage, consists of an ancestral population, and all of its descendants, and only those descendants |
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Term
| What are the advantages of the phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
| widely applicable, based on testable criteria |
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of the phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
| relatively few well estimated phylogenies |
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Term
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Definition
| populations that live in discrete geographical areas and have distinguishing characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| physical splitting of a habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation that begins with physical isolation by dispersal or vicariance |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how species and populations are distributed geographically |
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Term
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Definition
| when populations or species live in the same geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation that occurs without physical isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection for different habitats or resources causing divergence |
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Term
| What is an example of an animal that went trough disruptive selection? |
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Definition
| Soapberry bugs selected to feed on different sized fruits. Small and large beaked populations |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals have more than 2 sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic isolation is created by formation of polyploid individuals who can only breed with eachother |
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Term
| Polyploidization commonly occurs in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polyploids have duplicate chromosome sets from same species |
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Term
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Definition
| polyploids have chromosome sets from different speices |
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection favors the evolution traits that prevent interbreeding between the populations |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a well defined geographic area where hybridization occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| geographic area where interbreeding occurs |
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Term
| fusion of the populations |
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Definition
| the two populations freely interbreed? |
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Term
| extinction of one population |
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Definition
| if one population or species is better competitor for resources and the poorer competitor is driven to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| if the combination of genes in hybrid offspring and allows them to occupy distinct habitats or use novel resources, they may form a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| transforming of one species to another over geological time |
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Term
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Definition
| budding of one or more species from a ancestral species with faster change of features |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary change occurs at a constant steady pace |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution is episodic characterized by burst of rapid change and long periods of stasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Example of a post zygotic barrier |
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Definition
| horse and donkey mate and produce an infertile mule |
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Term
| What are the prezygotic barriers? |
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Definition
| temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anatomical incompatibility |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in behavior prevent mating |
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Term
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Definition
| breeding at different times during the year |
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Term
| What are postzygotic barriers? |
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Definition
| hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| developing zygote dies due to genetic incompatability |
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Term
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Definition
| hybrid offspring are infertile, but viable |
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Term
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Definition
| f1 hybrids are fertile, but F2 is not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| convection causes plates to move |
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Term
| the three great events in the history of life |
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Definition
| initial diversification of animals, adaptive radiation, extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| shows ancestor descendantrelationships among populations or species |
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Term
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Definition
| represents a population through time |
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Term
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Definition
| the point where two branches diverge |
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Term
| Two strategies of estimating phylogenies |
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Definition
| phenetic and cladistic approach |
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Term
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Definition
| based on computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the realization that relationships among species can be reconstructed by identifying synapomorphies |
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Term
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Definition
| a shared derived character |
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Term
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Definition
| same source, occurs when traits are similar for other reasons other than common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of making a living |
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Term
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Definition
| logical principle that the most likely explanation for a phenomenon is the most simplest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| piece of physical evidence from an organism that lived in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| total collection of fossils that have been found throughout the world |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of fossils? |
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Definition
| intact, compression, cast, permineralized |
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Term
| how does an intact fossil form? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does a compression fossil form? |
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Definition
| sediments bury and compress the organic material into a thin carbonaceous film |
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Term
| How does a cast fossil form? |
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Definition
| remains decompose after they are buried and the hole is filled with dissolved minerals |
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Term
| How does a permineralized fossil form |
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Definition
| rots extremely slow, dissolved minerals turn cells into stone |
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Term
| What are the limitations of the fossil record? |
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Definition
| Habitat Bias, Taxonomic Bias, Temporal Bias, Abundance Bias |
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Term
| What happened during the precambrian period? |
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Definition
| life was unicellular, O2 virtually absent, |
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Term
| What happened in the Paleozoic era? |
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Definition
| appearance of many animal lineages, mass extinction, appearance of land animals |
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Term
| What happened in the Mesozoic era? |
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Definition
| Age of Reptiles, mass extinction, gymnosperms dominant plants, dinosaurs dominant vertebrates |
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Term
| What happened in the Cenozoic era? |
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Definition
| Age of mammals, mammals diversified and became the dominant vertebrates, angiosperms are dominant plants |
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Term
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Definition
| burst of diversification at the start of the cambrian period |
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Term
| What were the major cambrian fossils assemblages? |
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Definition
| Doushantuo, Ediacaran, and Burgess |
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Term
| What were the doushantuo fossils? |
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Definition
| they were the first animals on earth, bacteria, sponges and other tiny creatures |
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Term
| What were ediacaran fossils? |
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Definition
| include bodies of jellyfish, comb jellies, and sponges. animals that were immobile, floated in water, or buried in sediment |
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Term
| What were Burgess Shale fossils? |
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Definition
| sponges, comb jellies, jelly fish. entire new lineages like arthropods and molluscs. enchinoderms found |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a single lineage produces many descendant species |
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Term
| triggers for adaptive radiation |
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Definition
| morphological innovation, ecological opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid extinction of a large number of lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| lower average rate of extinction |
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Term
| how do background extinctions occur? |
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Definition
| environment changes, emerging diseases, competition with other species |
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Term
| how do mass extinctions occur? |
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Definition
| sudden, temporary changes in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| first transitional fish tetrapod fossil |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that does not contain all descendants of an ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that has more than one ancestor |
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Term
| What are some examples of monophyletic clades? |
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Definition
| frogs, birds, chameleons, snakes, turtles |
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Term
| What is a paraphyletic group example? |
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Definition
| Class Reptilia excludes the Class Aves |
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Term
| What are some polyphyletic group examples? |
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Definition
| several groups of limbless lizards, tree frogs |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in function due to convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| plesiomorphic character states |
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Term
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Definition
| direction of character state evolution |
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Term
| What was present in the Ordovican period? |
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Definition
| cephalopods, trilobites, corals |
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Term
| What was present in the Silurian period? |
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Definition
| arthropods, gastropods, algae, jelly fish |
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Term
| What was present in the Middle Devonian period? |
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Definition
| corals, trilobites, crinoids |
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Term
| What was present in the Mississippian period? |
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Definition
| stalked echinoderms, starfish, horn corals |
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Term
| What was present in the Pennsylvanian period? |
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Definition
| brachiopods, corals, sponges, echinoderms, amphibian, ferns, dragon fly, fin backed reptile |
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Term
| What conditions are needed for a organism to fossilize? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A slab of dinosaur tracks found by Pliny |
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Term
| What caused the permian extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused the End-Cretaceuos extinction? |
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Definition
| 6 mile wide asteroid. marine reptiles and dinosaurs went extinct |
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Term
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Definition
| difference of relativerates of growth for different body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| chnages in the rates of developmental timing |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation that has resulted from the retention of larval characteristics relative to the parent species |
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Term
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Definition
| development that results in precocial maturation resulting in adults with larval phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration in the placement of different bod parts |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory genes that control the rate of development |
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