Term
PYSCHOPHSIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF SLEEP
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Definition
- electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves
- electooculogram (EOG) measures eye movements
- electromyogram (EMG) measures electrical activity of muscles
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Term
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Definition
stage 1: low voltage, high frequency (REM sleep)
stage 2: higher amplitude, lower frequency
* K complexes (large, biphasic) & Spindles (1-2 second bursts of waves/energy)
stage 3: beginning of delta waves (large, slow) stage 4: deepest sleep, delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
go from stage 1 to 4 then back to stage 1 as the night progresses - less time in stage 4, and more time in stage 1 |
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Term
| CHARACTERISTICS OF REM SLEEP |
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Definition
loss muscle tone increased brain activity, blood flow, and neural firing increase in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration also known as paradoxial sleep |
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Term
| FACTS ON REM AND DREAMING |
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Definition
80% of those wakened in REM can remeber dreams, but only 7% of NREM all people dream, but they differ on ability to recall sleepwalking and sleeptalking don't happen much during REM |
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Term
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Definition
being awake disturbs the internal stability of the body and sleep restores it a.k.a. wear yourself down during the day, therefore you must repair your body |
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Definition
animals are inactive during times of the day when activity is not needed to survive time of sleep is related to level of danger when sleeping and how much time they need daily to eat -- protection of the body |
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Term
| COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SLEEP |
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Definition
dogs sleep for 10 hours cats sleep for 14 hours fox sleep approximately as much as humans |
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Term
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Definition
daily cycles of bodily function based on light and darkness |
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Term
| FREE-RUNNING CIRCADIAN SLEEP (WAKE CYCLES) |
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Definition
without external clues (zeitgebers) our cycles are about 25 hours long = our internal biological clock
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Term
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Definition
zeitgebers ACCELERATED going east to west (10 days to recooperate) zeitgebers DECELERATED going west to east (20 days to recooperate) solution: adjust the cycle before trip happens |
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Term
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION (recuperation theory) |
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Definition
causes physical/behavioral problems that get worse until sleep is made up
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Term
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION (circadian theory) |
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Definition
causes increased sleepiness, desire to sleep will be greatest durign normal sleep hours, no compensation for sleep lost |
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Term
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION (real results) |
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Definition
1. sleepiness greatest at the same point everynight 2. long-term deprivation does not make physical/behavioral changes 3. after 2-3 days of deprivation: microsleeps needed 4. compensation for deprivation was increased slow wave sleep the following night |
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Term
RAT SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND CAROUSEL APPARATUS |
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Definition
when experimental rats would fall asleep, the disk they were on would rotate then: 1. wake up 2. don't wake up > knocked into pool of water > wake up the experimental rats died conclusion: deprivation and stress was the cause of death |
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Term
| REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION STUDY |
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Definition
students woken each time REM occures result: following nights had more REM sleep and need to be woken more frequently ** don't need REM sleep - but body tries ex. tricyclic drugs deprive REM sleep - no side effects |
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Term
POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS & IT'S ROLE IN SLEEP
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Definition
promotes wakefulness -deceased victims of WW1, whom had problems with excessive sleep, had damage to their posterior hypothalamus |
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Term
ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS & IT'S ROLE IN SLEEP |
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Definition
-promotes sleep -deceased victims of WW1, who had difficulty sleeping, had damage to their anterior hypothalamus |
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Term
| CAT EXPERIMENTS WITH SLEEP |
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Definition
made cut at top of reticular formation = slow wave sleep made cut at the bottome of reticular formation = normal sleep pattern ** area that wakes up the cat is in between the incisions |
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Term
CAUDAL RETICULAR FORMATION FOR REM |
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Definition
contains separate sites for muscle tone, EEG, eye movements.. etc. therefore.. REM cycles caused by caudal reticular formation, but sleep not caused by decrease in activity in that area |
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Term
| SUPERCHIASMATIC NUCLEI (SCN) |
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Definition
control circadian cycles of adrenal hormone release, drinking and activity, and sleep *in medial hypothalamus near optic chiasm ** lesions cause insomnia with respect to the circadian clock |
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Term
| SCN EXPERIMENT WITH HAMSTERS |
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Definition
1. took 20 hr circadian clock and implanted it in hamsters with a 25 hr clock results: hamsters then had a 20 hr circadian clock |
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Term
OTHER REGULATIONS OF SLEEP CYCLES (besides light/dark) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
area in the brain that interprets light/dark from optic chiasm to SCNs |
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Term
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Definition
-induce sleep -ex. valium & librium (benzodiazepines) -complications include: developing tolerance, addictive, and stopping = insomnia |
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Definition
-reduce sleep, esp. REM
-ex. cocaine and amphetamine -complications: highly addictive, adverse side effects
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Term
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Definition
1. narcolepsy: repeated daytime sleep attacks, people go right into REM sleep 2. cataplexy: loss of muscle tone during awake time, drop to ground but is awake |
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Term
| EFFECTS OF LONG TERM SLEEP REDUCTION |
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Definition
up to 5.5 hours has no ill effects *can have sleep debt however |
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Term
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Definition
-decreased sensitivity to a drug after exposure, same dosage has less of an effect ** cross tolerance: tolerance to one drug can produce tolerance to others |
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Term
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Definition
-induction of cravings -feelings opposite of drug effects -due to physical dependence on the drugs |
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Term
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Definition
-need the drug for feelings of well-being -continued used despite adverse effects -needed to prevent withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| CONTINGENT DRUG TOLERANCE |
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Definition
-focuses on what subjects do while under the influence of drugs -tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced |
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Term
CONTINGENT DRUG TOLERANCE EXPERIMENT WITH RATS |
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Definition
time 1: group 1: anti-convulsant group 2: seizure induced then stopped time 2: group 1: seizre induced group 2: anti-convulsant time 3: group 1: seizure stopped immediately group 2: nothing ----- time 4: group 1 & 2: anti-convulsant time 5: group 1 & 2: induced seizure time 6: group 1: didn't stop seizure group 2: stopped seizure result: group 1 had developed a contingent drug tolerance for the anti-convulsant |
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Term
| CONDITIONED DRUG TOLERANCE |
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Definition
-focuses on situations in which drugs are take -maximal tolerance only occurs if drug is given in same situation as previously -ex. need more beer at a bar you drink at frequently |
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Term
CONDITIONED DRUG TOLERANCE EXPERIMENT WITH RATS |
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Definition
-rats injected with alcohol or saline solution in the same room each day -results: when later injected with alcohol it only had an effect if done in a different room therefore.. addicts may be susceptible to overdose if drug is given in a new context |
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Term
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Definition
-continued use of a drug despite adverse effects on health and social life -a state in which an organism engages in a compulsive behavior -behavior can be reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
1. food 2. water 3. sex 4. nurturing |
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Definition
-heavy smokers are drug addicts -withdrawal: depression, anxiety, restlessness, dizziness -only 20% of quitters are successful -follows the reward pathway |
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Term
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Definition
-results of long term use of tobacco including chest pain, wheezing, coughing, increased # of infections in the respiratory tract, lung cancer |
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Term
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Definition
-related to heart disease and miscarriages (when the mother smokes)
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Term
| ALCOHOL'S EFFECT ON THE BRAIN |
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Definition
-depressant (decreases neural firing), increased GABA
-depressed activity in cortex, hindbrain, and cerebellum - increased endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
-chronic alcohol consumption that leads to demetia |
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Term
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Definition
cirrhosis, increased risk of heart attack, liver cancer, pancreatitis, gastritis |
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Term
| MARIJUANA/CANNABIS' SIDE EFFECTS |
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Definition
-imparied psychological functioning, STM, slurred speech, sense of unreality -low addiction, mild withdrawal
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Term
| FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) |
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Definition
-mental retardation, poor muscle control, abnormal physical growth |
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Term
| MARIJUANA/CANNABIS' EFFECT ON THE BRAIN |
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Definition
-binds to recpetors in basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, and neocortex |
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Term
| COCAINE'S EFFECT ON THE BRAIN |
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Definition
-simulant (increased neural activity), increases activity of catecholamine -blocks reuptake of dopamine -follows reward pathway |
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Term
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Definition
-increased sensitivity to some effects of a drug |
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Term
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Definition
-people tend to build up tolerance, and then binge -causes tremors, nausea, sleeplessness -risk of: seizures, blacking out, death from stroke and respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
-psychotic behavior during spree -similar to schizophrenia |
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Term
OPIATES' EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN (HEROINE & MORPHINE) |
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Definition
-depression of activity in the cortex, penetrates the blood-brain barrier -follows the reward pathway -mimics endorphins effects |
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Term
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Definition
-6 to 12 hrs after dose: restlessness, fidgety, watery eyes, runny nose, sweat, fitful sleep -later symptoms: vomiting, goose bumps, diarrhea, spasms **2nd day is the worse **gone by 7 days |
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Term
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Definition
-increases pleasure -reward pathway: starts in VTA and goes toward frontal cortex |
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Term
DARWIN'S THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF EMOTION |
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Definition
1. emotions gave a clue as to waht behavior would follow 2. the most accurate, revealing emotions would evolve as communication 3. emotions have opposite emotions |
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Term
JAMES-LANG THEORY OF EMOTION
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Definition
stimulus activates the physiological response, which then determines the emotion felt towards the emotion ex. see a barking dog >> run away >> fear |
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Term
CANON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTION
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Definition
-stimulus activates both the physiological response and emotion at the same time ex. see a dog barking >> run away & fear |
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Term
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Definition
-collection of nuclei and tracts around the thalamus -amygdala, hippocampus, mammilary body, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
-dilated blood vessels, decrease in body temp, tolerance and dependence due to the quickened metabolism by the liver -.5% BAC = death due to respiratory repression |
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Term
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Definition
-well-being, self-confidence, outgoing, energetic, talkative, cleared mind -tolerance to well being effects, but increased sensitivity to convulsions |
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Term
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Definition
-constipation, pupil constriction, menstual irregularity, reduced sex drive -tolerance a HUGE problem |
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Term
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Definition
-splitting of psychic funcion, disintegration of emotion, thought, and behavior -begins in adolescences or adulthood -1% of the population, 2.2 million people -all races and cultures |
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Term
| SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA |
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Definition
-bizarre delusions (belief system) -inappropriate affect (emotions) -hallucinations: voices, visions -incoherent thought -odd behavior: lack of hygiene, talking in rhymes |
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Term
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Definition
-genetic: 45% concordance rate for twins
-however, environment (stress) may or may not activate the gene |
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Term
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Definition
chlorpromazine (antihistamine): lowers agitation, increases activity in those with no activity binds and blocks dopamine receptors *can cause tardive dyskinesia |
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Term
| DOPAMINE THEORY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA |
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Definition
initial theory: caused by too much dopamine and antipsychotics work decreasing dopamine levels revised theory: not just caused by high levels of dopamine, but also high activity by dopamine receptors |
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Term
ARE D2 RECEPTORS THE ONLY RECEPTORS INVOLVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA? |
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Definition
NO - new drug Clozapine is effective and doesn't bidn to D2 receptors |
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Term
WHY DOES IT TAKE SEVERAL WEEKS OF NEUROLEPTIC TREATMENT TO AFFECT SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS? |
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Definition
- blocking dopamine receptors triggers a SLOW DEVELOPING change in the brain |
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Term
PARTS OF THE BRAIN INVOLVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA |
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Definition
- prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hippocampus -ventricles are large, overactive auditory cortex |
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Term
WHY ARE NEUROLEPTICS EFFECTIVE AGAINST ONLY SOME SCHIZOPHRENIC SYMPTOMS? |
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Definition
- they have a greater effect on positive symptoms (hallucinations) rather than negative symptomes (lack of emotion)
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Term
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Definition
-depression to the extrem, inability to function, no apparent reason for despair
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Term
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Definition
-mild: energy, talkativeness, impulsivity -extreme: over entusiasm, unrealistic, constant chatter, very distracted, and impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
-depression and mania -1% of the population, 2.3 million people |
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Definition
-just depression -6% of the population, 9.9 million |
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Term
| CAUSES OF DEPRESSION/MANIA |
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Definition
-genetic: higher rates for bipolar -role of stress: 84% of depressed of stress |
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Term
| MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) INHIBITORS |
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Definition
-antidepressant -prevents the breakdown of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (biogenic amines) in the terminal
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Term
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Definition
-antidepressant -blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
-antidepressant used for bipolar disorder -metallic ions work against mania *hard to keep patients on because they miss the high = many complications (suicide) |
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Term
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Definition
-similar to tricyclics, but selectively only blocks serotonin reuptake ex. Prozac |
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Term
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Definition
-chronic fear out of proportion, high glucocorticord levels -respiration shallow, increased blood pressure, heart palpatations, breaks logical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
-stress and fear with no external cause -constant |
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Definition
-fear triggered by specific stimuli -systematic desensitization to overcome |
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Term
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Definition
-rapid onset of terror -immobility -2.4 million people |
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Term
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER |
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Definition
-recurrent anxiety-provoking thoughts -obsessions and ritual actions, compulsions -3.3 million people |
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Term
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER |
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Definition
-presistent distress after trauma -anger, nightmares, anxiety, depression -30% of Iraqian War vets |
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Term
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Definition
-pharmacological anxiety treatment -increase the effects of GABA -ex. Valium |
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Term
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Definition
-pharmacological anxiety treatment -selectively binds to serotonin sites -less side effects than valium -ex. Buspirone |
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Term
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Definition
-model of anxiety -two arms of maze are open looking down -measure how long rat stays in the safe area |
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Term
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Definition
-rats are shocked by an apparatus -measure how much time spent covering the machine with bedding |
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Term
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Definition
-rats faced with cat -measure how many defensive behaviors they exhibit before returning to normal |
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Term
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Definition
-a disorder of tics, involuntary movements, or vocalizations -may also hav ADHD or OCD |
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Term
| CAUSES OF TOURETTE SYNDROME |
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Definition
-major genetic component -however, no genes have been identified |
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| TREATMENT OF TOURETTE SYNDROME |
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Definition
-with neuroleptics, although effectiveness is not well established |
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Term
| THREE PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALS |
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Definition
1.screening for safety 2.establishing testing protocol 3.final tests |
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Term
| MONOAMINE THEORY OF DEPRESSION |
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Definition
-depression associated with underactivity at serotonin and norepinephrine synapses -widely accepted because drugs block the reuptake of monoamines |
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Term
| DIATHESIS-MODEL OF DEPRESSION |
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Definition
-depression caused by inherited susceptibility being paired with stress -support: depressed people tend to be stressed |
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Term
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM & IT'S ROLE IN SLEEP |
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Definition
-arousal mechanism -found by using experimental animals and severing certain brain pathways to see which ones affected sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
-disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep
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Term
| TWO MAJOR CAUSES OF INSOMNIA |
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Definition
1. doctors sleeping pills perscribed >> tolerance is built up >> constantly need higher dose >> become discouraged and come off medication >> insomnia 2. sleep apnea: when a person stops breathing for a few seconds several times throughout the night, causing the person to be constantly awoken |
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Term
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Definition
-things that schizophrenic people have that normal people do not ex. hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
-things that schizphrenic people lack that normal people have ex. emotions |
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