Term
|
Definition
| Described "phrenology" as the belief that certain areas of the brain performed specific functions, and the development of these functions was differential to individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactory- a sensory nerve for the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic- a sensory nerve for carrying information from the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial nerve #3, controls eye movement (motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve #4, controls the movement of the eye (motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial nerve #5- facial nerve plus chewing, swallowing, and biting. (sensorimotor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 6-Controls a muscle of the eye-(motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 7- responsible for facial expression and gustation (sensorimotor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 8- receives input from areas of balance and audition (sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 9- throat muscles & taste from the last 1/3 of the tongue (sensorimotor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 10-organs (sensorimotor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Nerve 11- muscles of the neck (motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of the tongue (cranial nerve 12, motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| most advanced part of the brain. Contains the four lobes, and is most massive of all brain areas. |
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Term
| Frontal Lobe (general functions) |
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Definition
| executive function, planning, planning motor control, prioritization, contains primary motor cortex |
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Term
| Parietal Lobe (general functions) |
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Definition
| Attention, contains primary somatosensory cortex, spatial processing, location |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Temporal Lobe (general functions) |
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Definition
| hearing, understanding, object recognition, knowledge & major association cortices |
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Term
| Layerization of the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
1-axons incoming from other brain areas
2-densely packed stellate cells
3. loosely packed stellate cells and intermediate sized pyramidal cells
4. densely packed stellate cells. No pyramidal cells
5. Very large pyramidal cells, a few loosely packed stellate cells
6. Pyramidal cells of various sizes and stellate cells |
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Term
| Cytoarchitectonic Mapping |
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Definition
| Broadman- made maps of cell types & densities |
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Term
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Definition
Amygdala- emotion
Hippocampus- Memory acquisition |
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Term
| The Basal Ganglia (parts) |
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Definition
| Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Globus Pallidus responsible for movement, stabilization, associating stimulus & action |
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Term
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Definition
| Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory hub/highway to brain. All senses processed THROUGH thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| controls autonomic and endocrine system. 4 F's= Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, and (F) mating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "roof" inferior and superior colliculus. Inferior colliculus= sound info superior colluculus = visual maps and auditory maps, integration, |
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Term
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Definition
| visual maps & auditory maps, integration, location in space (quick) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for sleep, portions of the reticular formation, arousal, communication with cerebelum, pons limits motor signals in respons to dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor, coordinated movements, fine motor control, input from all sensory modalities |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive brain area, medulla oblongata, HR, Respiration rate, blood pressure, vital functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary nervous system, controls smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| AREAS OF SKIN INNERVATED BY X NERVE |
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Term
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Definition
| MIDDLE IS GREY MATTER, TWO DORSAL HORNS (SENSORY) TWO VENTRAL HORNS (MOTOR) |
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Term
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Definition
| RECEIVES & SENDS SENSORY INFORMATION |
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Term
|
Definition
| SENDS & RECEIVES MOTOR INFORMATION |
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Term
| SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (MUSCLE TYPE) |
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Definition
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Term
| SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| ACTIVATION! PRIMING FOR FIGHTING, RAISES HR, BP, ECT |
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Term
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Definition
| CALM NERVOUS SYSTEM, AIDS IN DIGESTION |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 1/8 INTEGRATION AND OUTPUT |
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Definition
| At any given time, a number of inputs will be received. True at system level, organismal level, and cellular level. All inputs will be integrated and a specific output will be given based on results of integration |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 2/8 Sensory & Motor Division |
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Definition
| these two natures are separated! One gyrus will control motor, one gyrus will sense it. Same with the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 3/8 Crossed Circuits |
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Definition
| the right side of the world is controlled by the left side of the brain, the left side of the world is controlled by the right side. Occurs in ocular div. as well |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 4/8 Symmetry & Asymmetry |
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Definition
| The brain is both symmetrical and asymmetrical. Left + right side for EVERY structure, however the functions are distributed asymetrically |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 5/8 Excitation & Inhibition |
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Definition
| The brain works through excitation and inhibition at the cellular level, system level, and organismal level. |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 6/8 Duplication |
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Definition
| Duplication of systems ensures redundant and reliable function |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 7/8 Heirarchy & Parallels |
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Definition
| different systems both work ascendingly & concurrently |
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Term
| BRAIN PRINCIPLE 8/8 Localization & Distribution |
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Definition
| Functions are both localized and distributed, areas mainly responsible, however in conjunction with others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| closest to axon, generates & begins action potential |
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Term
| Site of Manufacture for Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase surface area of dendrite, more binding area |
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Term
|
Definition
| one entry, one exit to cell body. Tend to be sensory |
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Term
|
Definition
| two exits/entries to cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
| multiple inputs!, still only 1 axon, receives info from many different cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| deeper layers of cortex, integrate info coming from higher layers of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely extremely complex cell that is found in the cerebellum and integrates ALOT of information for fine motor movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| efferent, to muscle. Usually multipolar, synapses with muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron to neuron, most neurons are interneurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| on walls of ventricles, present in central canal of spinal cod, produce CSF, carry particles, nutrients, waste |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide physical structure to CNS, keep things in place, anchor to circulatory system, form the BBB, act as buffer, feeds neurons, removes excess neurotransmitters, disposes of wastes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| originate in bloodstream, migrate to brain, release growth factor act as phagocytes (eat foreign matter, digest things) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -provides myelin sheath in the CNS wraps itself AROUND MANY NEURONS, many axons |
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Term
|
Definition
| wraps around only one axon, not full axon, guide regrowth of severed axons. "outline path" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immune system attacks myelin sheath, presenting symptoms can be varied depending on brain area experiencing degeneration |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
|
Definition
| myelin sheath degeneration in peripheral neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| support, maintain shape, transport stuff all way down axon to terminal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| gates controlling movement can be opened or closed depending on neurotransmitter activity |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP powered passages that have specific mechanisms to pump things in and out, depending on co-presence of other ions or ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| dominant gene disease that attacks the basal ganglia |
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Term
|
Definition
| -70mv maintained by DIFUSSION, tendency for substances moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration, voltage gradient: ions tend to move from areas of higher charge to areas of lower charge |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| K+ and potasium are present in large quantities inside membrane. Outside has low content of K+ and high content of Cl- and Na+. Electrostatic pressure acts on K+ and force of difussion cancel e/o out |
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Term
|
Definition
| small voltage fluctuations, restricted to vicinity, brief change in electrical charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in electrical charge, inhibitory potential, IPSP |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in electric charge, caused by EPSP |
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Term
| Distance from Axon Hillock |
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Definition
far = small effect near= larger effect.
if IPSP>EPSP, no action potential
EPSP > IPSP = fire! |
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Term
| Action Potential at -50mV |
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Definition
1. Na+ channels open
2. Na+ rushes in! forced in by electro & diffusion
3. K+ begins to leave cell
4. At peak, NA+ close and clamp, no more Na+ enters cell
5. K+ continues to leave cell (difussion)
6. Overshoots negativity (refractory) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors |
|
Definition
| Ionotropic. Also react to nicotine |
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Term
| Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| found in CNS, manage learning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Tyrosine--> L-Dopa-->Dopamine-->norepi-->epi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rate Limiting Factor (neurotrans synthesis) |
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Definition
| by limiting a precursor, the amt. of neurotrans can be controlled. Also, the enzymes can be controlled for the same effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| can be both inhibitory and excitatory |
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Term
| Dopamine (receptor type?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Nigrostriatal Pathway of Dopamine |
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Definition
| begins in substatia nigra, ends in the cuadate & putamen. Main function: control of movement. Initiating & stopping |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ventral Tagmental Area with terminals in the limbic system, and the nucleus accumbens. *REWARD, *MEMORY, *ADDICTION |
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Term
|
Definition
| VTA--> frontal lobes. Fxn not well understood |
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Term
| Tuberoinfindibular Pathway |
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Definition
| begins: hypothalamus ends: pituitary (secretion of hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Terminals of Norepinephrine pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| Norepinephrine receptor (type?) |
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Definition
| all metabotropic, respond to epinephrine too. |
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Term
| Functions of norepinephrine & epi |
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Definition
| VIGILANCE, emotions, Increased NE: mania, too little ne: depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| bead like swellings along axon that release norepi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Serotonin receptor (types?) |
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Definition
| those involved in vomiting & nausea are ionotropic, the rest are metabotropic |
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Term
|
Definition
Raphe Nucleus-->
Dorsal raphe--> projections to basal ganglia
Medial raphe--> projects to hippocampus
projects to cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| depression, anxiety, apettite, 5-HT neuromodulator? |
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Term
|
Definition
| main excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Glutamate receptor (types?) |
|
Definition
| 1 metabotropic, 3 ionotropic |
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Term
| NMDA receptor for Glutamate |
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Definition
| a complex glutamate receptor involved in learning. Both ligand and voltage dependent! Wire together fire together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Precursor supplementation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| interfering w/production cascade (enzyme blockade) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulate release of a neurotransmitter (phrm) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| inhibit release of a NT (pharm) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stimulate post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
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|
Term
| block post synaptic receptors |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| initiate negative feedback cascade--> antagonist |
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Term
|
Definition
| ruin negative feedback cascade--> agonist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| takes place of NT, binds competitively |
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Term
| Indirect action in a pharm |
|
Definition
| attaches to receptor at a DIFFERENT site, potentiates |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| decreases bioavailability |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased receptors, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a drug induces a pleasure state, people may continue to seek the drug to maintain state. CRAVING |
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Term
|
Definition
usually, urge comes in, frontal lobes hold you back
with alcohol, urge comes in, but circuits to hold you back are not available to hold you back, so you ignore future consequences |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a period of time where neurons are particularly plastic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| eye is longer, images focuses in front of retina not on it, "shortsightedness" |
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Term
|
Definition
| eye is shorter, image focuses behind the retina (farsightedness) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. retinal ganglion cells
2. Acamcrine cells
3. Bipolar cells
4. Horizontal cells
5. Cone
6. Rod |
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Term
| Complexity progression in the retina |
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Definition
| most complex outside, simplest towards the back |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cone to ganglion convergence |
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Definition
| low convergence, high specificity |
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Term
| Rod to ganglion convergence |
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Definition
| high convergence, low specificity |
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Term
|
Definition
| most common, deficit in long wavelength cone pigment (red) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| light hits rhodopsin, rhodopsin breaks, channels close, cells hyperpolarize, secretion of glutamate stops! |
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Term
|
Definition
| release glutamate because rhodopsin and cyclic AMP are keeping the channels open |
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Term
| Receptor hyperpolarization of bipolar cells |
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Definition
| usually, the receptors inhibits the bipolar cells. If the rhodopsin is bleached and the photoreceptor stops inhibiting the bipolar cell, it will FIRE |
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Term
|
Definition
| optic nerve--> optic chiasm--> optic tracts--> thalamus--> lateral geniculate nucleus--> optic radiation--> primary visual cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporal retina are ipsilateral, nasal retina are contralateral |
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Term
| Magnocellular layers of the LGN |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Parvocellular layers of the LGN |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fed by magnocellular cells, detects MOVEMENT, sends info to superior colliculus, used for eye tracking. superior collic-->pulvinar area of the thalamus--> parietal. BYPASSES LGN and terminates in the optic textum. ALL INFO CARRIED BY THIS SYSTEM IS FROM RODS |
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Term
| Superior Colliculus as related to vision |
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Definition
| contains a retinotropic crude map similar to the lgn important for SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS and attention. ORIENTING REFLEXES |
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Term
|
Definition
| receives alot of info from fovea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| best stimulation is AN ORIENTED BAR OF LIGHT |
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Term
| Complex cell (visual sys) |
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Definition
| oriented bar of light MUST be moving in a specific direction |
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Term
| End-Stopped cell (visual sys) |
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Definition
| bar of light of a specific orientation AND specific length |
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller area of activity, indiscriminate (so not really that hypercomplex) |
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Term
| Hemispheric specialization for frequencies. |
|
Definition
Left: better at high spatial frequencies
right: better at low spatial frequencies |
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Term
|
Definition
| fast response, visually guided actions, magnocellular input, superior colluclus, absolute metrics, moment to moment, location in space |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow response, conscious, parvocellular & magnocellular input, scene-based metrics, long term representation, object recognition & association |
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Term
| Medial Superior Temporal Area |
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Definition
| acknowledges continuity of MOVING images, specific kinds of motions |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| akinetopsia (inability to detect movement) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to detect movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| damage of dorsal path. Parieto-occipital lesion at junction. Includes optic ataxia: visually guided actions impossible, ocular apraxia: fixating, scanning, initiating eye movements would be difficult, and simultagnosia: inability to see more than one object at a time |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to see more than one object at a time |
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Term
|
Definition
| fixating, scanning, initiating eye movements difficult |
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Term
|
Definition
| visually guided actions are impossible |
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Term
| Optic Ataxia exclusive to the parietal lobe |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| hemispatial neglect results from right hemis. damage. Inability to respond or attend to people or objects in contralesional space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases in complexity! Dots--> shapes--> blobs--> items |
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Term
|
Definition
| cannot recognize objects presented in a visual modality |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual form agnosia, perception of shape is difficult |
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Term
|
Definition
| can identify shapes but not what they are (damage further near temporal lobe) |
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Term
| Appercetive agnosia and Global Shape Properties |
|
Definition
| cannot detect global shape properties |
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|
Term
| Associative Agnosia and Object Drawing from Memory |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Category Specific Visual Agnosia |
|
Definition
| subtype of associative agnosia. has problems recognizing some objects but not others. A problem of high differentiation vs. low differentiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize faces or people in the visual modality from face cues |
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|
Term
| Amplitude of a Wave (perceptual dimension) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Frequency of a wave (perceptual dimension) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Complexity of a wave (perceptual dimension) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ear--> superior olivary nucleus--> lateral lemniscus--> inferior colliculus-->auditory cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| below 200 hertz, cells code by using neurons that fire at certain points in a wave (apex) |
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|
Term
| high frequency location of sensitivity in the basilar membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| low frequency response in the basilar membrane |
|
Definition
| end of basilar membrane end of cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| linked by actin that opens the gated channels by SHEARING FORCE |
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|
Term
| Loudness at high frequencies |
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Definition
| the loudness of high frequency sounds will be recored by neural firing rate. Cannot be used for low sounds |
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|
Term
| Loudness at lower frequencies is believed to be coded by x amount of neurons firing at the same time |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| @ low freq, time of arrival is used. There is a slight difference in time of arrival. |
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Term
| Perception of location at high frequencies |
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Definition
| sound location is coded using intensity. High freq will be dampened by head shadow |
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Term
|
Definition
| a coincidence measures two things happening at once. Differences in arrival time does it come from left first? right first? |
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|
Term
| Semicircular canals of the vestibular system |
|
Definition
| 1. respond to angular acceleration and changes in head rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| respons to gravity and tilting of head (orientation) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| filled w/ endolymph, respond to rotation on a single plane, rotation causes endolymph to flow and cupula to move. |
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Term
|
Definition
| shift their weight when head is tilted, causes membrane to move cilia, K+ enters and action potentials are sent to vestibular sys |
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