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| Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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| Scientific study of the nervous system |
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| focuses on the environmental pressures that likely led to the evolution of the characteristics |
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| The study of biology of behavior |
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| study of biological processes by comparing different species- usually from the evolutionary perspective |
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| Different groups of subjects are tested under each condition |
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| Same subjects are tested under each condition |
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| difference in experimental conditions that is arranged by the experimenter |
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| variable measured by the experimenter to asses the effects of the IV |
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| a copulating male who becomes incapable of continuing to copulate with one sex partner can often recommence copulating with a new sex partner |
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| Quasi experimental studies |
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| study of groups who have been exposed to the desired conditions in the real world, but have potential confound variables |
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| the degree to which results of a study can be applied to other individuals and situations |
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| research motivated primarily by interest of the researcher and done solely for acquiring knowledge |
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| research that is intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind |
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| layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals |
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| part of the PNS that regulates the body's internal environment |
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| focuses on the use of functional brain imaging to study the neural base of human cognition |
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| higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, and complex perceptual thought |
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| study of animal behavior in its natural environment |
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| The use of several research approaches to solve a single problem |
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| neuropsychological disorder common in alcoholics who primary symptom is severe memory loss |
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| logical process by which observable events are used to infer the properties of unobservable events |
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| simplest possible interpretation for a behavioral observation should be given presedence |
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| any of the various surgical devices used for performing lobotomies |
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| prefrontal lobotomy performed with a cutting instrument inserted through the eye socket |
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| any brain surgery performed for the treatment of a psychological problem |
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| universe is composed of two elements; physical matter and the human mind |
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| study of behavior of animals in their natural environments |
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| deficiency in the awareness of parts of ones own body that is typically produced by damage to the parietal lobe |
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| the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation |
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| group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms |
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| members of the same species |
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| family of primates that includes Homo sapiens |
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| nonadaptive characteristics that evolve because they are related to evolutionary changes that are adaptive |
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| a characteristic that evolved because it performed one function but was later co-opted to perform another |
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| having a similar structure because of convergent evolution |
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| part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest, regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival |
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| portion of the brain that sits on the brain stem; complex adaptive processing |
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| folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
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| one male bonds with more than one female |
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| one female bonds with more than one male |
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| traits that occur in one form or another, never in combination |
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| interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation |
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| the two genes that control the same trait |
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| threadlike structures in the cell nucleus that contain the genes |
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| double stranded, coiled molecule of genetic material |
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| class of chemical substances that includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
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| come in matched pairs. In mammals, all chromosomes in mammals except sex chromosomes are these |
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| long chains of amino acids |
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| building blocks and breakdown products of proteins |
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| stretches of DNA that control the rate of expression of target genes |
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| proteins that bind to DNA and influence the expression of particular genes |
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| structure in the cell's cytoplasm that translates the genetic code from strands of messenger RNA |
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| three consecutive nucleotide basis on a DNA or RNA messenger strand |
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| energy generating DNA containing structures in each cell's cytoplasm |
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| refers to non gentic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
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| short strands of RNA found to have effects on gene expression |
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| a mechanism by which the actions of individual genes can be controlled so that one gene can produce two or more proteins |
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| a mechanism of gene expression that inactivates a pair of alleles and allows the other gene of the pair to be expressed |
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| neurological disorder with symptoms of vomiting, seizures, hyperactivity, hyper-irritability... |
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| a substance found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine of those suffering from PKU |
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| period of development of a particular trait when a particular experience is likely to change the course of that development |
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| first of two phases of bird song development during which young birds do not sing, they form memories of adult songs they hear |
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| the second of two phases of bird song development during which juvenile birds progress from subsongs to adult songs |
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| numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study |
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| behavioral effects of a gene are increased because the gene promotes the choice of experiences that have the same behavioral effects |
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| portion of the nervous system in the skull and brain |
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| portion of the nervous system outside the skull and brain |
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| part on the PNS that interacts with the external environment |
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| nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system; sensory nerves |
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| carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles or internal organs |
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| part of the PNS that participates in the regulation of the bodies interal environment |
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| motor nerves of the ANS that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thorastic areas of the spinal cord |
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| motor nerves of the ANS that project from the CNS or from the sacral part of the spinal cord |
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| 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain |
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| three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
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| menix located between dura and pia matter |
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| beneath the aracnoid membrane; contains large blood vessels and spinal fluid |
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| colorless fluid that fills the subaracnoid space, the central canal, and cerebral ventricles |
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| network of cappilaries that protrude into the pia matter continuously producing CSF |
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| glial cells that myelinate axons of the CNS |
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| glial cells that compose the myelin sheath of PNS axon and promote the regeneration |
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| glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory response |
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| towards the top of the head |
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| towards the bottom of the brain |
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| composed of neural cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons |
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| composed of myelinated axons |
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| two dorsal horns of the spinal gray matter |
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| ventral arms of the spinal gray matter |
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| composed of cell bodies of dorsal root axons |
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| nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of the cortex |
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| cross over to the other side of the brain |
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| projecting from one side of the body to the other |
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| on the same side of the body |
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| small furrows in a convoluted cortex |
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| large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid shaped cell body, very long axon |
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