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| a condition see in people carrying a single x chromosome but no other sex chromosome |
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| a protein found in the plasma of fetuses. In rodents it binds estrogens and prevents them from entering the brain. |
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| an enzyme that converts testosterone into DHT |
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| an enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogen |
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| in spaces between cells and in the vascular system |
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| excessive gluclost in urine, caused by the failure of insulin to induce gluclose absorption by the body |
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| breakdown products of fatty acids, which are generated in the metabolism of stored far and which the body can use as metabolic fuel |
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| a hormone released by Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, lower blood gluclose |
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| the passive movement of molecules from one place to another. the motive force behind osmosis is the constan vibration and movement of molecules |
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| the relatively recently evolved protions of the cerebral cortex. All cortex seen at the surface. |
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| posterior part of the forebrain |
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| a portion of the cerebral hemispheres found curled in the basal medial part of the temperal lobe |
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| 1- in pheremones, the ability of a pheremone to slowly alter the physiology of a conspecific. 2- In memory the phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same of a simular stimulus |
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| Declarative (Explicit) memory |
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| nondeclarative (implicit) memory |
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| skills and habits, priming, basic associative learning, nonassociative learning (habituation) |
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| a feeling of fulfillment or satisfaction |
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| A hormone that is released fromthe lining of the small intestine and that may be invloved in the satiation of hunger |
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| a chemicalsectreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs of tissus |
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| a class of drugs that exert a tranquilizing effect by inhibition the activity of neurons |
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| a class on antianxiety that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the CNS (example Valium) |
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| A tranquilizer used to relieve anxiety and reduce tension and irritability |
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| arcuate nucleus of medial eminence -->putuitary |
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| ventral tegmental area --> limbic system |
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| 3 principle Daergic systems in the brain |
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| Nigrostriatal, turberoinfundibular, mesolimic |
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| three means of water loss |
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| isotonic fluid, ingestion of salt, evaporation |
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| three basic caloric sources |
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| fats, proteins, carbohydrates |
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| also called Adiposogenital Dystrophy, rare childhood metabolic disorder characterized by obesity, growth retardation, and retarded development of the genital organs. It is usually associated with tumours of the hypothalamus, causing increased appetite and depressed secretion of gonadotropin. |
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| also called Glucogenesis, formation in living cells of glucose and other carbohydrates from other classes of compounds. These compounds include lactate and pyruvate; the compounds of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the terminal stage in the oxidation of foodstuffs; and several amino acids. |
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| one of the most influential psychiatrists of his time, best known today for his introduction of the term schizophrenia to describe the disorder previously known as dementia praecox and for his studies of schizophrenics. (switzerland) |
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| Ronald David Laing British psychiatrist noted for his alternative approach to the treatment of schizophrenia. (Scotland/France) |
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| protein synthesis inhibitors |
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| The protein synthetic machinery is a highly complicated apparatus that offers many potential sites for functional interference and thus represents a major target for antibiotics. |
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| A conditioned taste aversion can occur when eating a substance is followed by illness. Conditioned taste aversions can develop even when there is a long delay between the conditioned stimulus (eating the food) and the unconditioned stimulus (feeling sick) |
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| process involved in food digestion and absorption |
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| mouth(saliva-lubrication)-->stomach(pepsin -breaks proteins, HCl-breaks food into small particles)-->duodenum(upper portion of small intestine controls the rate of gastric emptying)-->small intestine(most of teh absorption takes place here)-->large intestine |
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| A cell with half the normal compliment of chromosomes, typically a germ cell |
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| A cell with pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
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| chromosomal sex determination |
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| always receive X from mother... x from father means female, y from father means male |
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| mating systems can be classified into four basic types |
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| promiscuity, polygyny, polyandry, monogamy |
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| a primitive duct system in the embryo that will develop into femal reproductive structures(fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present in the embryo. |
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| a primitive duct system in the embryo that will develop into male structures(the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in embryo |
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| anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) |
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| a protein hormone secreted by the fetal testis that inhibits mullerian duct development |
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| gonadal sex determination |
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| mullerian and wolffian ducts |
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| a class of steroid hormones produced by femal gonads |
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| a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones |
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| medial preoptic area- is full of steroid sensitive neurons. Mating can be reinstated in castrated males by small implants of androgens in the nPOA but not in other brain regions |
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| much more evident in male rats than in females. (a region of the preoptic area that is five to six times larger in volume in male rats than in females.) |
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| a group of motoneurons in the spinal cord of rats that innervate striated muscles controlling the penis |
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| Free martins are sterile female twin of normal male found in farm animals. Characteristics: genetic female with gonads resembling testes more than ovaries, but the external genital is of female. Possibly due to masculinizing factors traveling from male twin to the female through vacular connections of the placenta. However, exogenous androgen administration DO NOT reliably produce Free martins. |
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| suggests that hunger is also controlled by fat metabolism, and this appears to be true for LONG-TERM body regulation. Evidence in support: (1) Make rats obese by force feeding (which increases fat deposits). Afterwards, when the animals are allowed to control their own diets, they eat less until these newly acquire fat deposits are metabolized and body weight returns to a normal level. (2) Transplanting of adipose tissue from one animal to another is usually rejected unless an equivalent amount of adipose tissue is simultaneously removed from the recipient animal. |
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| abnormal behavioral states that have been gained such as hallucinations and excited motor behavior |
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| abnormality that results from normal functions that have been lost. For example slow and impoverished thought and speech, emotional and social withdrawal. |
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| a glutamate receptor that also bind the glutamate agonist NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate). The NMDA receptor is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive, so it can participate in a wide variety of information processing. |
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| possible retrograde signals |
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| forgetting the things that took place before the injury or accident. |
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| inability to form new memories after injury or illness |
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| long-term potentiation A stable and enduring increase in the magnitude of resposes of neurons after afferent cells have been stimulated with electrical stimuli of moderatly high frequency. |
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| diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure |
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| It is one of the sexual anomalies in females. DES was artificial steroid hormones used to prevent miscarriage (in Europe, not in US), which had maculinizing effects on physical characteristics and behavior. |
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| 47,XXY or XXY syndrome is a condition caused by a chromosome aneuploidy. Affected males have an extra X sex chromosome. The principal effect is abnormal testicular development and reduced fertility. A variety of other physical and behavioral differences and problems are common, though severity varies and many boys and men with the condition have few detectable symptoms. It is the second most common extra chromosome condition, and is named after Dr. Harry Klinefelter, an endocrinologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, who first described it in 1942.[1] The condition exists in roughly 1 out of every 500 to 1,000 males |
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| or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods. In adults, it is located in the vomer bone, between the nose and the mouth. It develops from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. |
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| androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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| "Androgen resistance syndrome") is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. It has also been called androgen resistance in the medical literature. The nature of the resulting problem varies according to the structure and sensitivity of the abnormal receptor. Most of the forms of AIS involve variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either sex. A woman with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) has a nearly normal female body despite a 46XY karyotype and undescended testes, a condition termed testicular feminization in the past. |
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| congenital adrenal hyuperplasia |
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| refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the steroidogenesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Most of these diseases involve excessive or deficient production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Only a small minority of people with CAH can be said to have an intersex condition, but this attracted American public attention in the late 1990s and many accounts of varying accuracy have appeared in the popular media. |
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| is a drug, an orally active synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. In 1971 it was found to be a teratogen when given to pregnant women. (Teratogen is a drug that interferes with normal development.) |
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