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| the study of the influence of bi9ological systems on behavior |
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| anything that an organism does that involves action and response to stimulation |
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| the idea that there is only one underlying reality, either body or mind |
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the idea that both body and mind exist: two types-
interactionism- that interaction between of the material body and inmaterial mind takes place in the brain
parallelism- both mind and body exist, but the two do not interact |
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| an involunatary reaponse to a stimulus caused by a direct connection between a sensory receptor and a muscle. Term coined by Descartes after the image of the external stimulation being reflected by the muscles. |
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| the principle that the dorsal root of a spinal nerve carries sensory information to the spinal cord and the ventral root conveys commands to the muscles. |
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| Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
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| the theory that the message detected by the nervous system is determined by which nerve carries the message |
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| a visual sensation caused by pressure on the optic nerve |
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| Gall's "science of the mind", which assumed that mental functions are localized in certain brain areas and that the moral and intellectual character of a person can be determined by studying the bumps and indentations on the skull |
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| the uppermost portion of the brain |
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| an area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain that contributes to speech production. damage to this area often produces nonfluent aphasia (trouble speaking but can still comprehend) |
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| an area in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain that contributes to understanding language and producing intelligible speech. Damage to this area often produces fluent aphasia (speak clearly but is meaningless and they cannot comprehend) |
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| a memory trace, or the physical location of specific memories |
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| Lashley's finding that the greater the brain area destroyed, the more severe the impact on learning. |
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| the idea that any part of a functional area can carry out the funtion of that area. |
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| the idea that the nervous system consists of a network of connected nerves |
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| the idea that the nervous system is made up of individual nerve cells |
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| the point of functional contact between a neuron and its target |
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| Leowi's term for the chemical that acts to decrease the heart rate. this was later determined to be acetylcholine (one of the major neurotransmitters) |
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the experimental destruction of neurons or the surgical removal of part of the brain. three ways to do this:
1) cut the skull and dura mater, then either cut or suction the underlying cortical tissue.
2) an insulated wire is injected into area and electric current destroys the tissue
3) a small tube is implanted in area and a toxin is injected to destroy tissue. |
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| A surgical instrument that allows a neuroscientist to create a lesion in a specific region of the brain |
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| computerized axial tomography: a technique that produces a static image of the brain by shooting a narrow beam of x-rays from all angles to produce a cross-sectional image, referred to as a CT or CAT scan. |
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| magnetic resonance imaging: a technique that produces a static image of the brain by passing a strong magnetic field through the brain, followed by a radio wave, then measuring the radiation emitted from hydrogen atoms. |
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| an electrode designed to record from many neurons at once. |
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| electroencephalogram: a graphical record of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. |
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| a neural response to sensory stimulation introduced by an experimenter. |
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| an electrode designed to record the activity of one ora few neurons. |
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| positron emission tomography: a technique that measures the metabolic activity of a specific structure in the nervous system in order to determine neural functioning. |
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| the study of the relationship between the nervous system and mental processes |
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| funcional MRI: a technique that uses high-powered rapidly oscillating magnetic fields and powerful computation to measure cerebral blood flow in the brain and obtain an image of the neural activity in a specific brain area. |
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| the injection of radioactive chemicals into the blood-stream and subsequent analysis of neural tissue to determine where a specific chemical is found in the nervous system. |
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| a technique for identifying the neurotransmitter in a specific area of the nervous system by measuring the chemical constituents of fluid from neural tissue. |
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| the study of the nervous system |
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| the study of the relationship between the nervous system and behavior by experimentally altering specific nervous system structures and observing the effects on behavior |
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| the study of the relationship between behavior and psychology through the analysis of the psychological response of subjects engaged in various activities |
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| the study of affects of psychoactive drugs on behavior |
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| a drug that influences mental functioning |
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| the study of behavioral effects of brain damage in humans |
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| the comparative study of the behavior of different species of animals generally in a laboratory setting. |
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| the study of the behavior of animals, usually in their natural environments. |
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| the study of how inheritance affects the behavior of the species. |
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| Greek philosopher. (460-370 BCE) Origin of monism. |
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1596-1650 Cheif architect of the interactionism version of dualism contending that interaction of the material body and the immaterial mind takes place in the brain and particularly in the movement of a small brain structure called the pineal gland. Believed nerves were hollow tubes with threads that carried nutrients to fill the muscles (empty bladders) and caused movement.
Coined the word reflex. |
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384-322 BCE
Taught that the mind resided in the heart. |
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460-377 BCE
Greek physican
Speculated the brain gives rise to human action. Plato agreed. |
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130-200
Believed the brain was the organ of the mind.
Ideas accepted by the early christian church and became dogma until the 14th century.
Food-liver: natural spirits-heart:vital spirits-blood vessels:animal spirits stored in three fluid filled chambers in the brain. |
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1774-1842
Provided new insights into the sensory and motor systems. spinal nerves divide into two roots: dorsal and ventral. sensory and motor nerves separate. |
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| 1783-1855. french physiologist. did studies on 6 week old puppies by cutting dorsal root of nerve and observe no movement after pinching or poking, and after cutting the ventral root, the puppy yelped but did not move away. conclusion dorsal root carries sensory information, and the ventral root carries motor messages. today known as the Bell-Magendie Law. |
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| 1809-1882. proposed the theory of evolution. didn't publish it until after recieving an essay by Alfred Russell Wallace stating the same theory. Darwin was convinced that species of animals could change as a result of their struggle for survival. It encouraged scientists to look outside their own species to find commonality |
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| 1890-1958. responsible for the mass action concept and equipotentiality. |
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| Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig |
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| 1838-1927; 1838-1907. demonstrated that direct electrical stimulation o0f the frontal cortex of a dog produced mscle actions on the opposite side of the body. |
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| David Ferrier and Hermann Munk |
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| 1843-1928; 1839-1912. showed that vision is controlled by occipital lobe areas, audition by areas in the temporal lobe, and and the skin senses by portions of parietal lobe. |
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