Term
|
Definition
RENT
-respiration
-excretion
-nutrition
-transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-obtain body heat from ext environment
-lower metabolic rate
-temp depends on env
-low energy flow
-suited better for shorages
-many adaptive zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-more recent
-higher metabolic rate
-produce heat through metabolic means
-increases heat production, decreases conduction
-can live in colder and remain active always
(every animal thermoregulates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-metabolic compensation: changes in metabolic machinery that allow some ectotherms to maintain optimal metbaolic rates at different temps
-isozymes: enzymes with same catalytic function but diff temperature optima (same metabolic rate)
-color change: alter body reflectance
-countercurrent heat exchanger: rete mirable to increase core body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hibernation: state of highly regulated hypothermia, conserve energy
-estivation: spend summer inactive and insulated against heat to avoid harmful effects of season
-daily torpor: small endotherms, during inactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nucleating agents in extracellular fluid
-promote ice crystal formation in fluid
-solute conc increases in fluid
-water leaks from cell, solute in cell increases, lowers freezing point of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cryoprotectant: increase in intracellular solutes conc decreases freezing point of water (carbs, glucose)
-antifreeze macromolecules: production of glyco/proteins that decrease freezing point of noncolligative actions, disrupt ice crystal formation by binding to small ice crystal (from liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -blood contains glycoprotein acts as antifreeze, allows fish to supercool at low temps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. would iguana with cat's fur warm up to tb of cat? no, metabolic rate is low
2. if small light near iguana, would it have tb of cat? yes, absorbs heat
3. which would cool faster if dead? iguana, no insulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increase muscular activity (shivering thermogenesis)
-action of several hormones (non-shivering thermogenesis): brown fat, rich in mitoch, epinephrine activates ucp
-thyroid hormone controls metabolic heat production |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms to lose body heat |
|
Definition
-sweating
-panting
-saliva spreading: evaporation
-vasodilation: dilation of peripheral blood vessels by increased convection rate (blood capillaries expand so more blood flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-alterations in blood flow to skin
-vasoconstriction: reduce heat loss
-vasodilation: increase heat loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-temperature quotient
-measure of thermal sensitivity of physiological process
-increase in a rate caused by 10C increase in temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-direct transfer of thermal energy of molecular motion
-thermal conductivity x temperature gradient / distance = heat flux (Q)
-water has greater conductance than air
-high insulation is lower conductance
-resistance=1/conductance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass movement of gas or fluid contributes to renewal of fluid at boundaries: accelerates heat transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -heat transfer takes place in absence of direct contact due to emission of electromagnetic radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -removes heat from body, depends on convection and radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-body size down -> surface area up
-surface area proportional to rate of heat exchange
-large animals exchange heat slower |
|
|
Term
| types of chemical regulation |
|
Definition
-hemocrine(endocrine): messenger molecule released into blood and acts on distant target
-paracrine: cell too cell regulation (regulation of neighboring cells)
-autocrine: cell to cell regulation (self regulation)
-direct cell signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-negative: thyroid
-positive: oxytocin
-direct: glucagon
-1st order: oxytocin
-2nd order: prolactin
-3rd order: thyroid
-synergistic: glucagon/epinephrine/cortisol
-antagonistic: glucagon/insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 aa or longer
-not lipid soluble
-TRH, GNRH, insulin, FSH, LH, TSH |
|
|
Term
| neuro/peripheralendocrine systems |
|
Definition
-neuro: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland
-peripheral: thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior: no secretory cells, can't synthesize own hormones, no portal veins, no hypothalamic regulation, storage place, mostly neural tissue
-anterior: rough ER, transport protein, non-neural, secretory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-polypeptide
-levels rise during night
-stimulates body growth, promotes bone, cartilage protein synthesis
-promotes fat break down
-through insulin like growth factors produced by liver
-gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-glycoprotein
-stimulates development of mammary tissue and milk production
-in amphibians larval growth hormone, prevents metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-glycoprotein
-follicle stimulating hormone: stimulates follicle growth in ovary and spermatogenesis in testis
-luteinizing hormone: stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian follicles, ovulation, and androgen secretion by testes
-hyposecretion results in reproductive dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-glycoprotine
-stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| melanocyte stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
-derived from proopiomelanocortin, a large polypeptide precursor (pomc)
-color adaptation in fish/reptiles
-stimulates melanin synthesis but not dispersion |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
Definition
-derived from pomc
-stimules the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
-stress axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-derived from pomc
-inhibit pain perception
-produced in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-posterior pituitary
-stimulates contraction of uterus during birth
-stimulates mammary glands muscles associated in milk ejection
-secretion regulated by nervous system
-effect on female social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-promotes water retention and reabsorption by kidney tubules
-secretion regulated by water/salt balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-synthesize hormone melatonin from molecules of neurotransmitter serotonin
-light sensitivity: melatonin production lowest during daylight (jetlag)
-role in puberty timing: melatonin slows maturation by reducing rate of GNRH secretion
-antioxidant effects: protects CNS neurons from free radicals
-too much melatonin->depression
-gap junctions w/ hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produces hormones T3(triiodothyronine) and T4(thyroxine) and calitonin
-decrease in TH->decrease in body temp
-t3/4 act through nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription
1.somatic growth 2.brain development 3.intermediary metabolism 4.thermogenesis 5.oxygen consumption 6.reproduction 7.hair growth 8.molting in bird 9.amphibian metamorphosis 10.BMR 11.# of NA/K pumps functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goiter- low iodine-> low thyroid hormone-> low negative feedback on brain/pituitary-> high stimulation of thyroid gland
-iodine not available to synthesize t3/t4, hyperstimulation from pituitary results in excessive thyroid tissue growth
-feel cold faster, weight gain, water retention
-hashimoto's: autoimmune disorder, antagonist against TSH, no downstream effect
-cretinism is fetal hypothyroidism (retardation)
-myxedema (later in life, metabolism disturbances) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-graves disease: autoimmune thyroiditis
-body produces antibodies (agonist against TSH) that attack TSH receptor to thyroid gland, result in stimulation of growth and secretion of thyroid
-weight loss, diarrhea, nervous, fast heart beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decreases Ca++ by inhibiting Ca++ uptake in gut
-important during childhood
-calcitonin secretion has direct endocrine regulation effects
-high Ca++ blood levels->high calcitonin production by c cell-> low blood Ca++ conc-> turn off c cells
-antagonistic to PTH with no regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-located within thyroid gland
-parathyroid hormone controls calcium metabolism
-increases blood calcium by increasing bone resorption, increasing renal tubular resorption and Ca++ uptake from gut
-antagonistic to calitonin with no regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-alpha cells produce glucagon-raises blood glucose levels
-beta cells produce insulin- lowers blood glucose
-antagonist actions
(CCK stimulates exocrine pancreas causing release of enzymes, not insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-insulin dependent (type 1): insufficient insulin production, sometimes autoimmune disorder, destroyed beta cells
-insulin independent (type 2): adult onset, nonresponsive insulin receptors (possibly desensitized), too much insulin affects blood osmolarity
-kidney works harder to retain more h2o to dilute blood, increase blood volume, high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-medulla: central core, produces catecholeamines, nor/epinephrine(immediate stress), control intermediary metabolism, thermogenesis, cardiovascular activity
-cortex: gonadal cells, produces corticosteroids(long term stress), act through nuclear receptors, intermediary metabolism, osmoregulation, development/stress response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"detergent"
-reduce surface tension of water
-reduce stickiness and lungs don't collapse
-from glucocorticoid? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long term stress response
-electrolyte balance
-developmental roles (lung maturation)
--mineralcorticoids (aldosterone):conservation of salts/water, loss of k/h
--glucocorticoids(cortisol):role in lung function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-group of numerous ducts for production/transport gametes
-consist of seminiferous tubules, functional unit of testis where spermatogensis takes place
-reproductive function performed by spermatogonial cells
-endocrine function performed by: leydig cells (produce androgens, respond to LH), sertoli cells (endocrine and supporting, produce hormone inhibin, respond to FSH but need test presence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-protein in nature
-forms blood-testis barrier
-inside high in adrogens, estrogens, potassium, aa's
-spermatozoa(physically mature,functionally inactive) have sperm-specific antigens in cell membranes and would be attacked by immune system if barrier didn't prevent being detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-23 feet long
-stores spermatozoa, facilitates their maturation
-recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
-adjusts composition of tubular fluid
-prostaglandins: wall of epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-make 60% of semen
-stimulate smooth muscle contractions in reproductive tracts
-maturation of sperm occurs here (final maturation in female tract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-slightly acidic
-contributed 20-30% of semen volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-androgens (anabolic steroids)
-leydig cells produce test, can easily pass basal lamina
-in blood binds to androgen binding proteins, acts through nuclear receptors
-early brain differentiation
-actions on cns, metabolism
-development/maintenance secondary sex characteristics
-stimulates spermatogensis and functional maturation of spermatozoa through effects on sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| hormones in male reproductive function |
|
Definition
--GnRH-> more FSH and LH-> more test and androgens
--lh-> more test and androgens from leydig
--fsh (in test presence)->more sertoli-> more spermatogenesis-> more androgen binding protein-> more inhibin
--inhibin-> negative feedback-> less pituitary FSH and hypothalamic GnRH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs in seminiferous tubules
-spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte (diploid)
-meiosis 1 into two secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
-meiosis 2 into 4 equal spermatids (haploid)
-sperm cells (spermatozoa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-female born with few hundred thousand follicles, only severl hundred release eggs
-functional unit of ovary, two functions
-reproductive: ovum-egg-develops within follicle
-endocrine-follicular cells produce estrogens and progesterone (steroids) and inhibin (polypeptide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs in ovarian follicles, expensive metabolically
-starts oogonium
-onset of meiosis 1 to primary oocyte at birth
-completion of meiosis 1 and onset of meiosis 2->secondary oocyte at puberty and first polar body (no cytoplasm, discarded)
-ovulation, completion of meiosis 2 to second polar body and ovum for fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-development of primary follicle into mature follicle that releases mature egg capable of fertilization
-reproductive cycles: one mature egg is produced
-estrous cycle: week long
-menstrual cycle: one month long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-follicular (preovulatory) phase:follicular growth, follicle maturation
-ovulation:end of follicular/beginning of luteal
-luteal (postovulatory) phase:formulation of corpus luteum (caused by LH, maintained if pregnancy occurs) |
|
|
Term
| hormones and female reproductive cycle |
|
Definition
-hormones coordinate ovarian and uterine cycles
-estrogen and progesterone maintain uterine structure
--hypothalamic GnRH->more pituitary LH/FSH
--E2-> more GnRH
--progesterone-> less GnRH
--FSH-> follicular development and more inhibin production
--inhibin-> less FSH secretion
--during follicular phase E2-> less LH
--right before ovulation E2-> more LH
--LH-> more progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in early trimester embryonic tissue secretes HCG (LH-like action)
-maintains corpus luteum: progesterone production |
|
|
