Term
| What is a biomechanical function of the curvatures in the spine? |
|
Definition
| to absorb shock (dissipates sharp spinal loads) |
|
|
Term
| What biomechanically significant difference is there between zygapophysial joints of different levels of the cervical spine? |
|
Definition
| The angle of the articular surfaces become steeper for the lower ones, limiting the amount of rotation that is possible. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the joint that is sometimes formed between an uncinate process of one vertebra and the inferior edge of the body of the vertebra above? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biomechanical significance of the compact bone of the vertebral body being continuous with the conpact bone of the pedicles? |
|
Definition
| allows loads on the anterior column (vertebral bodies) to be transferred to the posterior columns (articular pillars) |
|
|
Term
| What is the term that indicates that two types of motion are forced to occur simultaneously because of the geometric shape of the articular surfaces? |
|
Definition
coupled motion_
(i.e. atlas rising up, axial translation, as it rotates on axis because of the angle of the facet surfaces |
|
|
Term
| The vertebral artery passes up through the transverse foramen of which cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal range of motion consists of what two zones? |
|
Definition
| neutral zone and elastic zone |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the neutal zone and the elastic zone? |
|
Definition
| In the neutral zone the collagen fibers of the supporting structures (like ligaments) are lax and offer very little resistance to movement.In the elastic zone, the collagen fibers are taut and are stretched (giving significant resistance) as more movement occurs. |
|
|
Term
| How many degrees of freedom are there for an object that is not restrained in any way? |
|
Definition
6 (3 translational and 3 rotational)_
That means it takes 3 numbers to specify the location of an object in 3 dimensional space and_
3 more numbers to specify how it is oriented at that position. |
|
|
Term
| If a 3-D Cartesian coordinate system is oriented in the standard way on a vertebral body, which way is the positive X axis? the positive Y axis? the positive Z axis? |
|
Definition
positive X: out to the left_
positive Y: caudal to cephalic_
positive Z: posterior to anterior |
|
|
Term
| In a 3-D Cartesian coordinate system in standard orientation, which two axes define a frontal plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a 3-D Cartesian coordinate system in standard orientation, which two axes define a transverse plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cervical joint allows the most rotation? flexion/extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to attempting to move an object resting on a surface, how is the coefficient of friction defined? |
|
Definition
| the amount of tangential force required to move the object divided by the amount of normal (perpendicular) force pushing the object down on the surface |
|
|
Term
| What kind of fluid has the same viscosity no matter how much shear force is applied to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fluid has increased viscosity when shear force is applied to it? |
|
Definition
| dilatant (like Silly Putty) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of fluid has decreased viscosity when shear force is applied to it? |
|
Definition
| thixotropic (like ketchup) |
|
|
Term
| Relative to how the viscosity of a fluid varies according to how much shear stress is applied to it, what kind of fluid is synovial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When looking a stress/strain plots of biomaterials, what is the toe region? |
|
Definition
The region of considerable strain for little increase in stress at the beginning of the curve._
(meaning it doesn't resist very much at all when you first start stretching it) |
|
|
Term
Does the stress/strain plot of ligaments or tendons have a longer toe region?_
What it is about the anatomy of the structure that causes it to have longer toe region? |
|
Definition
ligaments_
the collagen fibers are not as well lined up in ligaments, so it takes more stretching before the tensile strength of those fibers comes to bear. |
|
|
Term
| What is the biomechanical significance of ligaments providing less resistance when they are first starting to be stretched as opposed to tendons? |
|
Definition
Since ligaments attach rigid bone to bone, and are lax until the joint reaches the end of the range of motion, if they didn't give a little at first there would be quite a jerk when the joint arrives there suddenly._
(that would make the attachment sites of the ligaments more susceptible to avulsion fractures) |
|
|
Term
| What possible explation does our author give for why the severity of an accident doesn't always correlate very well with the severity of the symptoms that result from it? |
|
Definition
| He proposes that at least one significant factor could be the exact position of the person at the time of the accident. |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are often associated with occipitalization (fusion of C1 to occiput)? |
|
Definition
| ataxia, numbness with pain in limbs, hyper-reflexia and spasticity, neurological symptoms similar to MS (often misdiagnosed as MS) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Arnold-Chirari malformation? |
|
Definition
| displacement of cerebellar tonsils down through the foramen magna into the upper part of the cervical spinal canal |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are commonly associated with an Arnold-Chirari malformation? |
|
Definition
headaches and neck pain (often brought on by a sneeze or cough)
vertigo_
syncope (temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Kippel-Feil syndrome? |
|
Definition
congenital fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebrae_
(no really distinctive symptoms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common pathological condition associated with a degenerative spine? |
|
Definition
| degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
|
|
Term
| Is it overuse or lack of use that can lead to degeneration of the spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much spinal manipulation is appropriate for a spine with anomalies or traumatic injuries? |
|
Definition
| That depends on who you talk to. There is no hard and fast set of rules to determine just how much adjusting is appropriate, especially in those kinds of cases. |
|
|
Term
| Concerning clincial instability, how do White and Panjabi define incapacitating pain? |
|
Definition
| Pain that is unable to be controlled by non-narcotic drugs |
|
|
Term
| What role do muscles play in providing spinal stability? |
|
Definition
| A small role - limited to the acute phase of injury. |
|
|
Term
| How does the spinal cord respond to changes in the length of the spine due to flexion and extension? |
|
Definition
| By stretching or contracting - not by sliding |
|
|
Term
| How is stability of the ocicpital-atlantal joint maintained? |
|
Definition
| By the geometry of the articulating surfaces as well as soft tissue structures. |
|
|
Term
| What anatomical structure has been compromised in order to allow bilateral anterior translatory displacement of of C1 relative to C2? |
|
Definition
| dens (odontoid) or transverse ligament |
|
|
Term
| On an A-P open mouth x-ray, what is indicated by a combined left and right overhang of C1 on C2 by 7 mm or more? |
|
Definition
| Jefferson fracture (C1) and probably rupture of transverse ligament |
|
|
Term
| What anatomical structure has been compromised in order to allow bilateral posterior translatory displacement of of C1 relative to C2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anatomical structures have probably been compromised in order to allow unilateral anterior rotatory displacement of of C1 relative to C2? |
|
Definition
| damaged or abnormal odontoid, damaged transverse ligament, and disruption of the articular capsule on the side of the rotation |
|
|
Term
| 36. What anatomical structures have probably been compromised in order to allow unilateral posterior rotatory displacement of of C1 relative to C2? |
|
Definition
| damaged or abnormal odontoid and disruption of the articular capsule on the side of the rotation |
|
|
Term
| What anatomical structures have probably been compromised in order to allow unilateral combined anterior and posterior rotatory displacement of of C1 relative to C2? |
|
Definition
| bilarteral articular capsule disruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tilting of C1 relative to the dens._
(may be normal variant and not indicate clinical instability) |
|
|
Term
| In what position will a patient be unstable if anterior ligaments have been compromised? |
|
Definition
extension_
(in flextion if the posterior elements have been compromised) |
|
|
Term
| What biomechanical factor adds to the instability of a wedge shaped cervical or thoracic vertebral body fracture? |
|
Definition
| The cephalic portion of the body will be abnormally forward, thereby resulting in an increased moment arm, resulting in increased moments causing greater stresses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 progressive elements of Palmer's idea of the subluxation? |
|
Definition
1. vertebral misalignment_
2. narrowing of the IVF_
3. nerve pressure_
4. interference with nerve function |
|
|
Term
| What term is used by practitioners of manual medicine that refers to some sort of disturbance of internal function of a vertebral unit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Altered muscle tone accompanied by painful response to pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What term applies to a noninflammatory degenerative condition located within the muscle belly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term applies to abnormalities affecting the myotendinous junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A four step reverberating cycle has been proposed to explain how a segmental dysfunction can be perpetuated. According to that model, how is the cycle broken? |
|
Definition
| Sudden overstretching of muscle spindles. |
|
|
Term
| What term is commonly used by osteopaths to refer to what they think of as a manipulable lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to 2 adjacent vertebrae and the connecting soft tissue? |
|
Definition
| functional spinal unit (FSU) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Spinal Region (FSR): |
|
Definition
Multiple FSU's functionally connected to accomplish a specific task._
(a particular vertebra could be a part of several different FSR's) |
|
|
Term
| Which cervical articulation has the most flexion/extension? rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to structual homeostasis, consisting of proper transfer of loads throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to the various structures of the spine, what is meant by the term mechanical failure? |
|
Definition
Excessive deformation (impairing function) or_
Loss of continuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Considers the changing positions and the inertia of the parts involved_
(moving segments tend to keep on moving, or stationary ones tend to stay stationary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Considers the changing geometry of moving parts but ignores inertial effects_
(assumes that movement occurs slow enough that inertia is negligible) |
|
|
Term
| What two zones make up the range of motion? |
|
Definition
neutral zone and_
elastic zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased sensitivity of spinal cord neurons to pain which may be caused by prolonged painful stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| According to Triano (author of Herzog's Chapter 4), what 4 factors moderate the location and extent of injury? |
|
Definition
1. injury load_
2. posture_
3. muscular tension_
4. tissue status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy that is lost during the loading/unloading cycle of a specimen due in internal friction. |
|
|
Term
| On a stress/strain curve, where is the ultimate strength? |
|
Definition
| The highest point on the plot, which is usually between the elastic limit and the fracture/breaking point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reponse to rapidly repeated loading, such as the articular cartilage of the knee while walking, in which the thickness decreases with every step and then increases between steps. The overall thickness decreases over time, up to a point. |
|
|
Term
| According to our text, what are the two theoretic bases of aging? |
|
Definition
1. Genetic theories_
2. Environmental theories |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of post menopausal women have radiological signs of osteoporotic fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 33. What is the average age at which menopause occurs? |
|
Definition
51_
(can occur as early as before age 40) |
|
|
Term
What two functional changes occur to articular cartilage as age increases?
1. Reduced shock absorption_ |
|
Definition
1. Reduced shock absorption_
2. Increased friction |
|
|
Term
| What change can be seen visually on acticulating surfaces as the person ages? |
|
Definition
| a roughening of the surface |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of age related changes that occur in the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1. Decreased sensory sensitivity_
2. Decreased reflex activity_
3. Denervation of muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
| What is the general concept of Occam's Razor? |
|
Definition
| The notion that is the best explantion is probably the simplest one that is able to explain all observations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deformation that occurs suddenly and is disproportionately large for an incremental increase of the applied load. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that are associated with the mechanical buckling of isolated FSU's (functional spinal units) and FSR's (functional spinal regions)? |
|
Definition
1. Single overload events (can be unguarded or guarded)_
2. Prolonged static posture_
3. Vibration (accelerates the process) |
|
|
Term
| 42. What two questions are being attempted to be answered by doing a manual spinal evaluation? |
|
Definition
1. Is this subject healthy or not healthy?_
2. If not healthy, what is the level of the lesion? |
|
|
Term
| What two objective measurements have been shown to be different for healthy groups than for low back pain groups? |
|
Definition
1. LBP group has decreased ROM_
2. LBP group has increased sensitivity to pressure on both the spinous processes and paraspinal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 feasible mechanisms for injury to practicing chiropractors? |
|
Definition
1. Repetitive motion_
2. Sudden loading of cervical spine during delivery of thrusts_
3. Prolonged postures in lumbar flexion_
4. Sudden overloads during patient prep |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things you can do to reduce the risk of injury to your self during patient transfer? |
|
Definition
1. Shift the center of your body mass down and posterior_
2. Maintain erect posture_
3. Use auxiliary support, such as bracing your knee against the table |
|
|
Term
| What positional risk is associated with the delivery of a toggle recoil type |
|
Definition
| Your wrist is already in maximum radial deviation and you are thrusting into it further. |
|
|
Term
| What positional risk is associated with the delivery of a toggle recoil type |
|
Definition
| Your wrist is already in maximum radial deviation and you are thrusting into it further. |
|
|
Term
| According to Triano, what is the most stable wrist position for adjusting? |
|
Definition
| Slight unlnar deviation and flexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The frequency at which an object tends to vibrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The large response of an object to a periodic (cyclic) driving force that oscillates at that object's natural frequency. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 notable aspects of load-time histories (or force/time profiles)? |
|
Definition
1. Preload_
2. Peak load_
3. Duration of the impulse_
4. Rate of rise of the applied load |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common side effect (risk) associated with chiropractic care? |
|
Definition
| mild soreness (not mild pain) |
|
|
Term
| If mild soreness does occur in response to an adjustment, how soon does it typically appear and long does it typically remain? |
|
Definition
| Typically appears within 4 hours and disappears within 24 hours. |
|
|
Term
| What proportion of chiropractic patients report have experienced mild soreness after an adjustment at least once? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s there evidence to suggest that it is risky to adjust vertebral segments demonstrating excessive motion with internal disc disruption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgical fusion of a joint. |
|
|
Term
| How long does it typically take for a surgically induced fusion to become solid? |
|
Definition
Usually 3 to 6 months._
(don't adjust that area until the fusion is solid) |
|
|
Term
| What problem can occur that affects the stability of a metal implant in the spine? |
|
Definition
| bone resorption around the implant that weakens its grip |
|
|
Term
| What are patient-based factors that can be used as control elements for spinal manipulation? |
|
Definition
| Static and dynamic posturing of the patient. |
|
|
Term
| What are provider-based factors that can be used as control elements for spinal manipulation? |
|
Definition
Preload amplitude_
Load direction_
Load peak amplitude_
Load impulse rate_
Load duration |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary motion that occurs during spinal manipulation? |
|
Definition
| rotation (translation is negligible) |
|
|
Term
| What normally determines the location of the axis of rotation for the rotational movement in response to a spinal manipulation? |
|
Definition
| geometry of the facet surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What 3 components sum up to compose the load that is actually transmitted to the segment being adjusted? |
|
Definition
1. Applied load_
2. Body segment inertial loads_
3. Muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| What can be said about the timing of muscular response to a spinal manipulation? |
|
Definition
| The muscles can respond fast enough to affect the process of an HVLA type adjustment. |
|
|
Term
| How does the preload affect the stiffness of the soft tissue comopnents of the FSU (functional spinal unit)? |
|
Definition
| Increases stiffness as a whole by engaging the elastic properties. |
|
|
Term
| How does the stiffness of the spine vary in response to the quickness of the treatment given? |
|
Definition
| The quicker the treatment, the greater the stiffness of the spine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the objective of properly postioning a patient for a particular adjustmentt? |
|
Definition
| To maxmize the biomechanical effect of the adjustive thrust. |
|
|
Term
| What 5 methods of unloading spinal elements were discussed in class? |
|
Definition
1. Aquatherapy_
2. Continuous passive motion (CPM)_
3. Flexion-distraction_
4. Non-linear axial traction (VAX-D)_
5. Treadmill (or chair) with axial traction |
|
|
Term
| What are two common situations that often result in pain from facet joints? |
|
Definition
1. DJD (degenerative joint disease)_
2. Pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What is Triano's thinking in regards with adjusting patients with spinal implants, like Harrington rods? |
|
Definition
| You need to be careful, but these patients do seem to benefit normal chiropractic care. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. rubor - redness_
2. tumor - swelling_
3. calor - heat, or fever_
4. dolor - pain_
5. functio laesa - loss of function |
|
|
Term
| What are two benefits of inflammation? |
|
Definition
maintenance of tissues_
allows for remodeling |
|
|
Term
| What are the two fairly distinct forms of inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. vasodilation_
2. slowing of blood flow_
3. migration of white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What are three characteristics of chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages_
2. angiogenesis_
3. connective tissue proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What are three modalities that chiropractors can use for the management of inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. ice_
2. nutrition_
3. exercise strategies |
|
|
Term
| According to what hypothesis is the most common spinal lesion recognized by:_ |
|
Definition
1. lessened or otherwise altered mobility_
2. altered pressure threshold to pain and_
3. signs of neuromuscular dysfunction?
segmental dysfunction hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| What is segmental facilitation? |
|
Definition
| A lowered threshold for firing a neuron in the spinal cord as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions. |
|
|
Term
| As extrafusal muscle fibers contract, how is proper tension maintained in the intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles? |
|
Definition
The afferent fibers of the spindle sense that the intrafusal muscle fibers are lax and send that info the CNS._
The CNS then sends down instructions via the efferent fibers of the spindle to adjust the tension accordingly. |
|
|
Term
| According to Jones, what happens in response to the increased joint capsule tension caused by an entrapped joint meniscoid? |
|
Definition
Mechanoreceptor activity increases, which leads to_
increased nociception, which leads to_
decreased pain threshold and hypertonic paraspinal musculature |
|
|
Term
| According to Jones, what can happen as a result of the sustained joint hypomobility associated with an entrapped joint meniscoid? |
|
Definition
capsular adhesions can develop which can eventually lead to_
obliteration of the joint space. |
|
|
Term
| What aspects of the subluxation are specifically targeted with Henderson's rat model? |
|
Definition
| fixation and mal-position |
|
|
Term
| ccording to the Korr Model of Segmental Dysfunction, how does the CNS get confused about where a body segment is? |
|
Definition
| The muscle spindles send inaccurate proprioceptive info to the CNS. They got mis-set because while you are in the process of moving to a new position, you were bumped externally. That caused you to move farther than the CNS told your muscles to move you. Consequently, the muscle spindles got set for a position the CNS thought you were in - not the position you ended up actually being in. |
|
|
Term
| According to the Patterson-Steinmetz model, how was "spinal learning" demonstrated to have occurred in rats? |
|
Definition
If the spinal cord was severed right away, communication was blocked between the lesion and the hind leg, and the hind leg relaxed._
If more than 45 minutes passed between inducing the lesion and cutting the cord, the leg stayed flexed, even though there was no communication between where the lesion was and the leg itself._
Therefore, it was assumed that during the time between when the lesion was induced in the brain and when the cord was cut, something happened in the spinal cord below where it was severed to cause it to "learn" that the leg was supposed to stay flexed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the general notion of the Mense Model? |
|
Definition
| there is some sort of self-reinforcing cycle by which a spasm results in localized ischemia and edema which induces the release of vasoneuroactive substances that reinforce the spasm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the general notion of the instability hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Damage to supporting tissues allows excessive motion and instability that can cause abnormal stress distribution resulting in conditions that predispose the spine to painful episodes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 methods described in class for quantifying the degree of cervial curvature on a lateral x-ray? |
|
Definition
1. curve depth_
2. C2-C7 angle_
3. chord-C7 angle_
4. radii of curvature |
|
|
Term
| According to the neuropathology hypothesis, how can the nerve root be distorted besides from the bony compression that can result from a reduced IVF? |
|
Definition
The nerve root could be stretched or_
it could be compressed against the IVF by inflammation of soft tissues and edema within the IVF |
|
|
Term
| How do dorsal roots compare to peripheral nerves in their susceptibility to compression? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal roots are much more susceptible than peripheral nerves. |
|
|
Term
| In what manner is a nerve fiber distorted as a result of a blockage along its course? |
|
Definition
| both radial distention and lengthening |
|
|
Term
| What term is used to refer to hyperactive sympathetic function associated with segmental dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if vertigo is induced by the patient laterally rotating their head back and forth, how can you determine if the vertigo is cervicogenic or vestibular? |
|
Definition
Hold the patient's head still and have them rotate their body under the stationary head._
If vertigo is still induced, it must be cervicogenic since the vestibular apparatus was stationary._
(that is the Fitz-Ritson test) |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism was proposed in Leach's text to explain how chiropractic adjustments might help reduce the plasma extravasation - a major feature of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Adjustments are thought to affect the plasma levels of Substance P, which acts on mast cells to initiate the release of prostaglandin (the substance that causes plasma extravasation). |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic concept of the myelopathy hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| That an intervertebral subluxation can cause compression or other irritation directly on the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic contention of the dentate ligament hypothesis (as proposed by John Grostic)? |
|
Definition
| Inasmuch as the dentate ligament attaches the spinal cord to the dura mater, if the dura mater is pulled in some manner, the dentate ligaments will therefore pull on the spinal cord which can cause aberrations in function of the nerves that pass by near the attachment site of the dentate ligament. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic concept of the vertebrobasilar insufficiency hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| That cervical joint misalignments can cause a kink in the vertebral arteries, thereby reducing blood flow to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| ccording to Seyle's General Adaption Syndrome (GAS), how does the body develop a disease of adaption as the result of continual stress of some kind? |
|
Definition
1. When the stress is first applied, there is an alarm reaction._
2. After some time the body settles into a stage of resistance._
3. If the body is not able to sustain the stage of resistance over time, then a disease of adaption develops. |
|
|
Term
| According to Herzog, what are the three phases of a force/time profile of a manual chiropractic adjustment? |
|
Definition
1. preload phase_
2. thrust phase_
3. resolution phase |
|
|
Term
| How long is the thrust phase of a typical force/time profile of a manual chiropractic adjustment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of measurable responses that are elicited by chiropractic adjustments? |
|
Definition
1. mechanical responses_
2. neuromuscular reflex responses_
3. physiologic responses |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of movements of a vertebral segment are typically caused by a manual adjustment? |
|
Definition
1. rotation in a transverse plane
2. rotation in a sagittal plane |
|
|
Term
| Are the neuromuscular reflex responses elicited by manual adjustments inhibitory or excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all receptors affected by an adjustment typically respond at pretty much the same time relative to the force/time profile? |
|
Definition
| No. Some occur early in the profile and some occur later on. |
|
|
Term
| Generally speaking, how long is the delay between the beginning of the force/time profile of a manual adjustment and the EMG response to it? |
|
Definition
| typically between 50 and 200 msec |
|
|
Term
| How long does the EMG response to a manual adjustment usually last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the measureable response of a manual adjustment compare to that of an instrumented (Activator-like) adjustment? |
|
Definition
A manual adjustment usually elicits both cavitation and an EMG response._
An instrumented adjustment does not typically elicit cavitation and little or no EMG response. |
|
|
Term
| Are large decreases of EMG activity levels seen right after a chiropractic treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is currently thought to be the cause of the audible release, or "crack", often heard in connection with a manual adjustment? |
|
Definition
The formation of gas bubbles in the synovial fluid of the facet joints (cavitation) or_
Possibly the snapping of the capsular ligment that occurs as the joint is rapidly stretched out. |
|
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Term
| f a chiropractic does not perceive an audible release when delivering a manual adjustment, a second thrust is often made. In that case, how does the second thrust compare to the first? |
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Definition
The second thrust usually has a higher peak force and_
a higher rate of force application._
An audible release is often heard in connection with the second thrust. |
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