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Biomechanics
Exam 1
139
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 4
01/27/2013

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Term
Flexion
Definition
decreasing the angle of the joint (bending at the elbow, shoulders, wrist, hip, knee, trunk – folding, fingers)
Term
Extension
Definition
increasing the angle of the joint back
Term
Abduction
Definition
(shoulder + hip only) away from midline of body
Term
Adduction
Definition
back towards the midline of the body
Term
Internal Rotation
Definition
rotate towards the midline
Term
External Rotation
Definition
rotate away from the midline
Term
Horizontal Flexion
Definition
airplane arms move toward the midline, bench press up
Term
Horizontal Extension
Definition
arms move back to airplane stance, bench press back down
Term
Lateral Flexion (L or R)
Definition
(trunk only) bending left and right
Term
Rotation (L or R)
Definition
(trunk only) rotating either left or right
Term
Radial Deviation
Definition
(wrist only) wave towards thumb side
Term
Ulnar Deviation
Definition
(wrist only) wave toward the pinky side
Term
Pronation
Definition
(forearm only) pour out the soup, rotate toward midline
Term
Supination
Definition
(forearm only) rotate back, soup in hand
Term
Plantar Flexion
Definition
(ankle only) foot move away from shin, increase angle
Term
Dorsi Flexion
Definition
(ankle only) foot moves towards the shin, decrease angle
Term
Eversion
Definition
rolling your ankle toward the inside, like sprained ankle
Term
Inversion
Definition
rolling your ankle to the outside, like sprained ankle
Term
Where do you get body of knowledge
Definition
Non-research and research
Term
Kinesiology era
Definition
1900-1960
Term
Biomechanics era
Definition
1960-present
Term
kinesiology field
Definition
replaces physical education
Term
Academy of physical education changed to academy of kinesiology and physical education
Definition
1989
Term
kinesiology academy changed to biomechanics academy
Definition
1990
Term
frontal plane
Definition
cuts body in half separating the front and back
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
cuts body in half separating the left and right
Term
transverse plane
Definition
cuts the body in half separating the top from the bottom
Term
frontal axis
Definition
runs on the sagittal plane
Term
sagittal axis
Definition
runs on the frontal plane
Term
longitudinal axis
Definition
runs on the transverse plane
Term
functions of the axis
Definition
support weight,muscle attachments, mechanical advantage, protection, store minerals,and make blood cells
Term
Long bone
Definition
(large movements) arms, legs, clavicle, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges
Term
Short bone
Definition
(direct forces) carpels, tarsals
Term
Flat bones
Definition
(protection, RBC) sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis, patella
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
(many roles) spine, sacrum
Term
condyle
Definition
a rounded projection that articulates with another bone
Term
epicondyle
Definition
a rounded projection near the ends of a long bone but lateral to the axis and not necessarily a part of the articulation
Term
facet
Definition
a small, smooth, and usually flat articular surface
Term
foramen
Definition
a hole, usually for nerves or vessels to pass through
Term
fossa
Definition
a hollow depression or pit
Term
fovea
Definition
a smaller hollow depression or pit
Term
head
Definition
the spherical articular end of the long bone
Term
line
Definition
a raised line or small ridge
Term
neck
Definition
the part of the bone that connects the head to the shaft
Term
notch
Definition
an indention on the border or edge of the bone
Term
process
Definition
a projecting part of the bone
Term
spine
Definition
a sharp projection of the bone
Term
trochanter
Definition
a large, knobby projection
Term
tubercle
Definition
a small, knobby projection
Term
turberosity
Definition
a knobby projection
Term
cortical
Definition
less than 30% space between mineralization
Term
trabeculae
Definition
more than 30 percent, adds strength without weight, inner most part of bones, ends of long bones
Term
diarthosis
Definition
space, joint capsule
Term
synarthrosis
Definition
no space, ligaments (little movement), sutured (skull, pelvis), cartilage (pubic area)
Term
joint capsule
Definition
synovial membrane, synovial fluid, cartilage covers end of bones (hyaline), ligaments
Term
diarthrosis types (carpels, tarsal, facets of vertebrae)
Definition
classified by # axes and how bones articulate, irregular/gliding/plane - non-axial, curved/smooth,irregular shaped articulation
Term
(diarthrosis) hinge
Definition
one axis, concave and convex, flex/extend, elbow
Term
(diarthrosis) pivot
Definition
one axis, rotation, atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Term
(diarthrosis) condyloid
Definition
2 axes, flex/extend, abduction/adduction, circumduction, wrist (radius/carpel), knuckle (metacarpal/phalanges)
Term
(diarthrosis) saddle
Definition
saddle shape - concave and convex each bone, modified condyloid, thumb
Term
(diarthrosis) ball and socket
Definition
3 axes, free movement in all directions, shoulder and hip
Term
joint stability
Definition
resist displacement, (shear or traction), as more movement allowed it sacrifices stability
Term
joint movement
Definition
cartilage is not static through the ROM, the bones roll and glide through the ROM
Term
Factors affect stability
Definition
***bone shape*** (articular cartilage improves the fit), ligaments, muscle tension, fascia, atmospheric pressure
Term
double jointed
Definition
less stability, angle of pull compromised, high tension and pressures in joint
Term
compression
Definition
pressing or squeezing force directed axially through the body, trabecula is number 1 factor to help resist against
Term
tension
Definition
pulling, bending, or stretching force directed axially through the body
Term
shear
Definition
applied force tends to slide the molecules across each other (causes many injuries)
Term
bending
Definition
compression on the articular surfaces on one side, tension on ligaments and tendon/muscle on the opposite side
Term
ligamentous arrangements
Definition
ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant,somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords, help maintain relationship of bones, once stretched, their function is affected, viscoelactic
Term
muscular arrangement
Definition
muscle that span joints aid in stability, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability
Term
fascia
Definition
consists of fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets, intense or prolonged stress ,ay cause permanent stretch (EX. - thick skin covering knee joint)
Term
factors affect ROM
Definition
same as stability, age, gender, exercise habits
Term
ROM
Definition
can be too flexible, not enough, muscle tendon flexibility affect most
Term
extensibility and elasticity
Definition
enable the muscle to be stretched, and return to normal length
Term
tendons
Definition
continuations of muscles connective tissue
Term
irritability
Definition
ability to respond to stimulus
Term
contactility
Definition
the ability to shorten and produce tension
Term
muscle fiber (cell)
Definition
consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma, which can propagate nerve impulses
Term
myofibrils
Definition
arranged in parallel formation which create alternating dark and light bands, each fiber enclosed by ***endomysium
Term
(myofilaments) actin and myosin
Definition
when stimulated, slide past each othr
Term
cross-bridges
Definition
projections (heads) of myosin attach to actin
Term
sarcomeres
Definition
functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle, myofibril between two Z lines
Term
whole muscle
Definition
fasciculus (bundle of fibers) enclosed by ***perimysium, group of bundles encased within ***epimysium
Term
slow and fast twitch fibers
Definition
2 major categories pertinent for kinesiology, most muscles contain equal distribution of each, posture muscles contain more slow twitch fiber
Term
fast fibers
Definition
large, pale, and less blood supply than slow twitch, intense responses over short period of time
Term
slow fibers
Definition
small, red, and have a rich blood supply, and greater myoglobin, highly sufficient, dont fatigue easily, long duration, posture and endurance events
Term
muscular attachments
Definition
attach to bone by connective tissue, which continues beyond the muscle belly to form a tendon
Term
origin
Definition
muscles attached to bone not moving, usually more proximal (closer to trunck - more stable), usually stabilized by other muscles
Term
insertion
Definition
attached to moving bone, usually more distal (further from the trunk - move more)
Term
contraction (origin and insertion)
Definition
produces equal force on the 2 attachments
Term
reverse muscle action
Definition
when distal bone is stabilized and proximal bone moves
Term
longitudinal
Definition
long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis, sartorius, good for ROM, strength muscles tend to be shorter (pennate) not parallel to connective tissue
Term
quadrate or quadrilateral
Definition
four sided and usually flat, consist of parallel fibers, rhomboids
Term
triangular or fan-shaped
Definition
fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other, pectoralis major, several angles of pull
Term
fusiform or spindle-shaped
Definition
rounded muscle that tapers at either end, brachioradialis, larger CSA
Term
unipenniform
Definition
a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from side of a tendon, tibialis posterior
Term
bipenniform
Definition
a long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon
Term
multipenniform
Definition
several tendons are present with fibers running diagonally between them, middle deltoid
Term
Length and ROM
Definition
fibers can be few centimeters to half a meter, longer has more sarcomeres in series, sum of sarcomere shortening determines amount of shortening (joint ROM), muscle shortens about half of its resting length
Term
effect of muscle structure on force
Definition
a broad, thick, longitudinal muscle exerts more force than thin, a penniform muscle of the same thickness can exert greater force
Term
effect of muscle structure on ROM
Definition
long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranges along the long axis, can exert force over a longer distance, pennate muscles with short fibers can exert superior force through short range
Term
tendon transfers
Definition
surgeons replace paralyzed muscles to improve movement, must be similar length and insertion position
Term
skeletal muscle function (line of pull)
Definition
movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors - type of joint that it spans, relation of the muscles line of pull to the joint
Term
line of pull
Definition
pectoralis major (clavicular) is primarily a flexor, but is also adducts the humerus, when abducted, line of pull moves axis of rotation and contributes to abduction of humerus
Term
angle of attachment
Definition
if very shallow, most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone, will tend to stabilize joint
Term
contraction
Definition
means to "draw together", occurs whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while muscle is shortening, remaining same length, or lengthening,
Term
concentric (shortening contraction)
Definition
when tension by muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment
Term
essentric (lengthening contraction)
Definition
when muscle slowly lengthening as it gives external force thay is greater than the contractile force it is exerting, muscle is acting as a "brake"
Term
isometric (static contraction)
Definition
means equal length, tension of the muscle without any appreciable change in length,occurs under two conditions - 1. antagoistic muscles contract with equal strength, 2. muscle is held against another force
Term
isoTonic
Definition
means "equal Tension" and the tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens
Term
isokinetic
Definition
means "equal or same motion", maximum muscle effort at the same speed, "accommodating resistance"
Term
influence of gravity
Definition
horizontal motion is not affected by gravity, lifting against gravity is a concentric contraction of the agonist, slower lowering with gravity is an eccentric contraction of the same muscle
Term
length-tension relationship
Definition
optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension, slightly greater then resting length, at rest if no stretch
Term
posture
Definition
right handed research, chronic right foot lean, stretch hip abductors and left low back, strongest in slight adduction, weaker near end of abduction, significant for physical therapist and AT
Term
force-velocity relationship
Definition
as speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases, at maximum velocity of contraction the load is zero
Term
stored elastic capabilities
Definition
when concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching, elastic energy, stored in the stretch phase, is available for use in the contractile phase
Term
coordination of the muscular system (movements)
Definition
considerable muscular activity in addition to those muscles directly responsible for the movement itself, muscles causing the movement must have a stable base, bones not engaged must be stabilized by other muscles
Term
movers or agonists
Definition
directly responsible for producing a movement
Term
prime movers
Definition
large impact on movement
Term
assistant movers
Definition
only help when needed
Term
synergists
Definition
cooperative muscle function, stabilizing, fixator, support muscles
Term
synergists (neutralizers)
Definition
prevent undesired action
Term
antagonists
Definition
have an effect opposite of the movers, or agonists, ballistic movements, must relax to permit movement, second it acts as a brake at completion of movement
Term
cocontraction
Definition
the simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists, neutralizers and stabilizers may need to cocontract to counteract an additional function of a mover
Term
action of bi-articular muscles
Definition
muscles that pass over and act on 2 joints, not long enough to permit movement in both joints at same time, allow efficient movement
Term
2-joint muscles
Definition
SPURT - origin is further from the joint than its insertion, acts to rotate the moving bone, SHUNT - origin is nearer the joint than its insertion, angle of pull is small, act mainly to provide stabilization
Term
concurrent movements
Definition
simultaneous flexion or extension of the hip and knee joints
Term
countercurrent movement
Definition
one muscle shortens rapidly at both joints, its antagonists lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends
Term
bodily movements (passive)
Definition
no effort on the part of the person involved
Term
bodily movements (active)
Definition
movement is produced by the subjects own muscular activity, in slow movements muscular tension is maintained throughout ROM, rapid movements could maintain ROM but its an inefficient way of performing
Term
ballistic movement
Definition
movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum - EX. throwing, striking, kicking, early stages should concentrate on form rather then accuracy
Term
terminating ballistic movements
Definition
1. counteracting antagonistic muscles - EX. forehand drive in tennis, 2. allowing moving part to reach limit of motion, stopped by passive resistance of ligaments - EX. throwing motion, 3. interference of an obstacle - EX. chopping wood
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (conjecture and reasoning)
Definition
using knowledge of location and attachments, and nature of joints, one can deduce a muscles action, muscle attachments ans line of pull determine possible movements
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (dissection)
Definition
meaningful basis for visualization of muscles potential movements
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (inspection and palpation)
Definition
valuable method for superficial muscles
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (models)
Definition
used for demonstration
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (muscle stimulation)
Definition
contraction of individual muscles
Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (electromyography EMG)
Definition
based on the fact that contrating muscles generate electrical impulses, reveals both intensity and duration of a muscles action
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