Term
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Definition
decreasing the angle of the joint (bending at the elbow, shoulders, wrist, hip, knee, trunk – folding, fingers) |
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Term
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Definition
increasing the angle of the joint back |
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Term
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Definition
(shoulder + hip only) away from midline of body |
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Term
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Definition
back towards the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
rotate towards the midline |
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Term
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Definition
rotate away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
airplane arms move toward the midline, bench press up |
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Term
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Definition
arms move back to airplane stance, bench press back down |
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Term
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Definition
(trunk only) bending left and right |
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Term
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Definition
(trunk only) rotating either left or right |
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Term
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Definition
(wrist only) wave towards thumb side |
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Term
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Definition
(wrist only) wave toward the pinky side |
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Term
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Definition
(forearm only) pour out the soup, rotate toward midline |
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Term
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Definition
(forearm only) rotate back, soup in hand |
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Term
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Definition
(ankle only) foot move away from shin, increase angle |
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Term
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Definition
(ankle only) foot moves towards the shin, decrease angle |
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Term
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Definition
rolling your ankle toward the inside, like sprained ankle |
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Term
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Definition
rolling your ankle to the outside, like sprained ankle |
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Term
Where do you get body of knowledge |
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Definition
Non-research and research |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
replaces physical education |
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Term
Academy of physical education changed to academy of kinesiology and physical education |
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Definition
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Term
kinesiology academy changed to biomechanics academy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cuts body in half separating the front and back |
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Term
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Definition
cuts body in half separating the left and right |
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Term
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Definition
cuts the body in half separating the top from the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
runs on the sagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
runs on the frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
runs on the transverse plane |
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Term
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Definition
support weight,muscle attachments, mechanical advantage, protection, store minerals,and make blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
(large movements) arms, legs, clavicle, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
(direct forces) carpels, tarsals |
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Term
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Definition
(protection, RBC) sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis, patella |
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Term
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Definition
(many roles) spine, sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
a rounded projection that articulates with another bone |
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Term
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Definition
a rounded projection near the ends of a long bone but lateral to the axis and not necessarily a part of the articulation |
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Term
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Definition
a small, smooth, and usually flat articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
a hole, usually for nerves or vessels to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
a hollow depression or pit |
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Term
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Definition
a smaller hollow depression or pit |
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Term
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Definition
the spherical articular end of the long bone |
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Term
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Definition
a raised line or small ridge |
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Term
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Definition
the part of the bone that connects the head to the shaft |
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Term
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Definition
an indention on the border or edge of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
a projecting part of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
a sharp projection of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
a large, knobby projection |
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Term
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Definition
a small, knobby projection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
less than 30% space between mineralization |
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Term
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Definition
more than 30 percent, adds strength without weight, inner most part of bones, ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
no space, ligaments (little movement), sutured (skull, pelvis), cartilage (pubic area) |
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Term
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Definition
synovial membrane, synovial fluid, cartilage covers end of bones (hyaline), ligaments |
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Term
diarthrosis types (carpels, tarsal, facets of vertebrae) |
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Definition
classified by # axes and how bones articulate, irregular/gliding/plane - non-axial, curved/smooth,irregular shaped articulation |
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Term
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Definition
one axis, concave and convex, flex/extend, elbow |
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Term
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Definition
one axis, rotation, atlas/axis, radius/ulna |
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Term
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Definition
2 axes, flex/extend, abduction/adduction, circumduction, wrist (radius/carpel), knuckle (metacarpal/phalanges) |
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Term
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Definition
saddle shape - concave and convex each bone, modified condyloid, thumb |
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Term
(diarthrosis) ball and socket |
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Definition
3 axes, free movement in all directions, shoulder and hip |
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Term
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Definition
resist displacement, (shear or traction), as more movement allowed it sacrifices stability |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage is not static through the ROM, the bones roll and glide through the ROM |
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Term
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Definition
***bone shape*** (articular cartilage improves the fit), ligaments, muscle tension, fascia, atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
less stability, angle of pull compromised, high tension and pressures in joint |
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Term
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Definition
pressing or squeezing force directed axially through the body, trabecula is number 1 factor to help resist against |
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Term
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Definition
pulling, bending, or stretching force directed axially through the body |
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Term
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Definition
applied force tends to slide the molecules across each other (causes many injuries) |
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Term
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Definition
compression on the articular surfaces on one side, tension on ligaments and tendon/muscle on the opposite side |
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Term
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Definition
ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant,somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords, help maintain relationship of bones, once stretched, their function is affected, viscoelactic |
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Term
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Definition
muscle that span joints aid in stability, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability |
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Term
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Definition
consists of fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets, intense or prolonged stress ,ay cause permanent stretch (EX. - thick skin covering knee joint) |
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Term
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Definition
same as stability, age, gender, exercise habits |
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Term
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Definition
can be too flexible, not enough, muscle tendon flexibility affect most |
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Term
extensibility and elasticity |
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Definition
enable the muscle to be stretched, and return to normal length |
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Term
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Definition
continuations of muscles connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
ability to respond to stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to shorten and produce tension |
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Term
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Definition
consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma, which can propagate nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
arranged in parallel formation which create alternating dark and light bands, each fiber enclosed by ***endomysium |
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Term
(myofilaments) actin and myosin |
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Definition
when stimulated, slide past each othr |
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Term
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Definition
projections (heads) of myosin attach to actin |
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Term
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Definition
functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle, myofibril between two Z lines |
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Term
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Definition
fasciculus (bundle of fibers) enclosed by ***perimysium, group of bundles encased within ***epimysium |
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Term
slow and fast twitch fibers |
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Definition
2 major categories pertinent for kinesiology, most muscles contain equal distribution of each, posture muscles contain more slow twitch fiber |
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Term
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Definition
large, pale, and less blood supply than slow twitch, intense responses over short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
small, red, and have a rich blood supply, and greater myoglobin, highly sufficient, dont fatigue easily, long duration, posture and endurance events |
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Term
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Definition
attach to bone by connective tissue, which continues beyond the muscle belly to form a tendon |
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Term
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Definition
muscles attached to bone not moving, usually more proximal (closer to trunck - more stable), usually stabilized by other muscles |
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Term
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Definition
attached to moving bone, usually more distal (further from the trunk - move more) |
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Term
contraction (origin and insertion) |
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Definition
produces equal force on the 2 attachments |
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Term
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Definition
when distal bone is stabilized and proximal bone moves |
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Term
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Definition
long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis, sartorius, good for ROM, strength muscles tend to be shorter (pennate) not parallel to connective tissue |
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Term
quadrate or quadrilateral |
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Definition
four sided and usually flat, consist of parallel fibers, rhomboids |
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Term
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Definition
fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other, pectoralis major, several angles of pull |
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Term
fusiform or spindle-shaped |
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Definition
rounded muscle that tapers at either end, brachioradialis, larger CSA |
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Term
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Definition
a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from side of a tendon, tibialis posterior |
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Term
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Definition
a long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon |
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Term
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Definition
several tendons are present with fibers running diagonally between them, middle deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
fibers can be few centimeters to half a meter, longer has more sarcomeres in series, sum of sarcomere shortening determines amount of shortening (joint ROM), muscle shortens about half of its resting length |
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Term
effect of muscle structure on force |
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Definition
a broad, thick, longitudinal muscle exerts more force than thin, a penniform muscle of the same thickness can exert greater force |
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Term
effect of muscle structure on ROM |
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Definition
long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranges along the long axis, can exert force over a longer distance, pennate muscles with short fibers can exert superior force through short range |
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Term
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Definition
surgeons replace paralyzed muscles to improve movement, must be similar length and insertion position |
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Term
skeletal muscle function (line of pull) |
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Definition
movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors - type of joint that it spans, relation of the muscles line of pull to the joint |
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Term
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Definition
pectoralis major (clavicular) is primarily a flexor, but is also adducts the humerus, when abducted, line of pull moves axis of rotation and contributes to abduction of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
if very shallow, most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone, will tend to stabilize joint |
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Term
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Definition
means to "draw together", occurs whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while muscle is shortening, remaining same length, or lengthening, |
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Term
concentric (shortening contraction) |
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Definition
when tension by muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment |
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Term
essentric (lengthening contraction) |
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Definition
when muscle slowly lengthening as it gives external force thay is greater than the contractile force it is exerting, muscle is acting as a "brake" |
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Term
isometric (static contraction) |
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Definition
means equal length, tension of the muscle without any appreciable change in length,occurs under two conditions - 1. antagoistic muscles contract with equal strength, 2. muscle is held against another force |
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Term
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Definition
means "equal Tension" and the tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens |
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Term
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Definition
means "equal or same motion", maximum muscle effort at the same speed, "accommodating resistance" |
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Term
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Definition
horizontal motion is not affected by gravity, lifting against gravity is a concentric contraction of the agonist, slower lowering with gravity is an eccentric contraction of the same muscle |
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Term
length-tension relationship |
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Definition
optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension, slightly greater then resting length, at rest if no stretch |
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Term
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Definition
right handed research, chronic right foot lean, stretch hip abductors and left low back, strongest in slight adduction, weaker near end of abduction, significant for physical therapist and AT |
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Term
force-velocity relationship |
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Definition
as speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases, at maximum velocity of contraction the load is zero |
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Term
stored elastic capabilities |
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Definition
when concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching, elastic energy, stored in the stretch phase, is available for use in the contractile phase |
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Term
coordination of the muscular system (movements) |
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Definition
considerable muscular activity in addition to those muscles directly responsible for the movement itself, muscles causing the movement must have a stable base, bones not engaged must be stabilized by other muscles |
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Term
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Definition
directly responsible for producing a movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cooperative muscle function, stabilizing, fixator, support muscles |
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Term
synergists (neutralizers) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
have an effect opposite of the movers, or agonists, ballistic movements, must relax to permit movement, second it acts as a brake at completion of movement |
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Term
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Definition
the simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists, neutralizers and stabilizers may need to cocontract to counteract an additional function of a mover |
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Term
action of bi-articular muscles |
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Definition
muscles that pass over and act on 2 joints, not long enough to permit movement in both joints at same time, allow efficient movement |
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Term
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Definition
SPURT - origin is further from the joint than its insertion, acts to rotate the moving bone, SHUNT - origin is nearer the joint than its insertion, angle of pull is small, act mainly to provide stabilization |
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Term
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Definition
simultaneous flexion or extension of the hip and knee joints |
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Term
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Definition
one muscle shortens rapidly at both joints, its antagonists lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends |
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Term
bodily movements (passive) |
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Definition
no effort on the part of the person involved |
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Term
bodily movements (active) |
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Definition
movement is produced by the subjects own muscular activity, in slow movements muscular tension is maintained throughout ROM, rapid movements could maintain ROM but its an inefficient way of performing |
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Term
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Definition
movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum - EX. throwing, striking, kicking, early stages should concentrate on form rather then accuracy |
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Term
terminating ballistic movements |
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Definition
1. counteracting antagonistic muscles - EX. forehand drive in tennis, 2. allowing moving part to reach limit of motion, stopped by passive resistance of ligaments - EX. throwing motion, 3. interference of an obstacle - EX. chopping wood |
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (conjecture and reasoning) |
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Definition
using knowledge of location and attachments, and nature of joints, one can deduce a muscles action, muscle attachments ans line of pull determine possible movements |
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (dissection) |
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Definition
meaningful basis for visualization of muscles potential movements |
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (inspection and palpation) |
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Definition
valuable method for superficial muscles |
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (models) |
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Definition
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (muscle stimulation) |
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Definition
contraction of individual muscles |
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Term
methods of studying the action of muscles (electromyography EMG) |
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Definition
based on the fact that contrating muscles generate electrical impulses, reveals both intensity and duration of a muscles action |
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