Term
| What are the functions of the annulus fibrosus? |
|
Definition
- Nucleus pulposus containment
- Stabilization
- Permits multidirectional movement
- Shock absorption
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Term
| What are the passive forces of the atlanto-occipital jt producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
| Lig. nuchae, tectorial membrane |
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Term
| What are the functions of nucleus pulposus? |
|
Definition
- Absorption and retention of water
- Nutrition
- Force transmission
- Equalizes unit stress in all directions to the annulus fibrosus
- Permits a "rocking" type segmental mvt b/w vertebral bodies
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Term
| When is the atlanto-occipital jt at the lowest and highest load? |
|
Definition
Lowest- full ext
Highest-full flx |
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Term
| When are the loads on C7-T1 the least? |
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Definition
| With head facing directly forward and the chin tucked in. |
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Term
| When are the loads on C7-T1 greatest? |
|
Definition
- Greatest when the head is fully flexted
- Greater when the head is ext
- Great when head is inthe correct posture
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|
Term
| When are loads on the spine least? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When are the loads for lumbar spine the greatest? |
|
Definition
At toe off stage of walking
Greater with unsupported sitting (even with pillow)
Great with supported sitting
Low- relaxed standing |
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|
Term
| What structures would be stretched for excessive APT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles would be shortened with excessive APT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures would be stretched for excessive lumbar lordosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures would be shortened for excessive lumbar lordosis? |
|
Definition
- PLL
- Interspinous L
- Lig flavum
- Lumbar ext muscles
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|
Term
| What structures would be stretched with excessive thoracic kyphosis? |
|
Definition
- Dorsal back and scapular M
- PLL
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|
|
Term
| What structures would be shortened with excessive thoracic kyphosis? |
|
Definition
- ALL
- ant shoulder girdle and upper abdominal M
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|
Term
| What structures would be stretched with excessive cervical lordosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures would be shortened with excessive cervical lordosis? |
|
Definition
- Posterior spinal L
- Posterior neck Muscles
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|
Term
| What are the active forces of the atlanto-occipital jt producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the passive forces producing normal alignment of the lower cervical spine (c3-C7)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the active forces producing normal alignment of the lower cervical spine (c3-C7)? |
|
Definition
| Anterior scaleni, longus capitis and colli |
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|
Term
| What are the passive forces of the thoracic spine producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
| PLL, Lig flavum, supraspinous |
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|
Term
| What are the active forces of the thoracic spine producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the passive forces of the lumbar spine producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the active forces of the lumbar spine producing normal alignment? |
|
Definition
| rectus abdominis, EIT obliques |
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|
Term
| What are the passive forces of the sacroiliac jt that produce normal alignment? |
|
Definition
| sacrospinous L, sacrotuberous L, sacroiliac L |
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|
Term
| What are the active forces of the sacroiliac jt that produce normal alignment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mechanical work loss during deformation
R=W-change@/W |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| restistance to mechanical failure. It is the amt of energy a material will absorb before it breaks. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite of toughness. material absorbs little energy before it breaks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability of a material to deform progressively in tension without breaking. Ex young bone is more ductile than old bone b/c young bone deforms farther when tension stress is applied than old bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| superficial fascia, epimysium, myofascia, papillary layer of dermis, around BV. areas that allow mobility |
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Term
| Where are dense irregular CT found? |
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Definition
| dermis of the skin, periosteum, jt capsules, capsules around organs, aponeuroses. Needs to be restricted in certain motions. |
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Term
| Where is dense regular CT found? |
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Definition
| tendons, ligaments, fascia, aponeuroses |
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Term
| In what region are the collagen fibers on slack so that small stress produce a lot of deformation as the fibers tighten? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what region are the collagen fibers tightening and as they tighten greater stress is needed to produce deformation/strain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the elongation of ligaments best obtained? |
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Definition
| By applying low force for a long period of time. |
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|
Term
| How does temperature affect the stiffness of collagen? |
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Definition
| Cold makes fibers brittle. Heat makes fibers extensible. |
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Term
| What happens to the tension on tendons and ligaments at sub-failure levels? |
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Definition
| They stimulate fibroblasts to produce new collagen fibers. |
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Term
| What is an increase in deformation that occurs over time when the load is constant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a decrease in stress over time when the magnitude of the deformation is constant. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
|
Definition
- costal cartilage
- articular cartilage of jts
- epiphyseal growth plate
- trachea
- skeleton of larynx
- nasal septum
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|
Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
|
Definition
- auricle of ear
- epiglottis
- Eustachian tube
- wall of external auditory canal
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
|
Definition
- MENSCI of knee
- TMJ
- SC jt
- AC jt
- intervertebral disc
- disc at pubic symphysis
- tendo-osseuous junction
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|
Term
| Why is superficial tangential zone for articular cartilage important? |
|
Definition
| For the containment of proteoglygans within the articular cartilage. |
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Term
| What happens when articular cartilage is unloaded? |
|
Definition
| Proteoglycans draw water and nutrients into the cartilage. When loaded, water with waste products leave. |
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Term
| What happens when there is damage to the superficial zone? |
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Definition
| Water and proteoglycans are lost and nutrition to the cartilage is decreased. |
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|
Term
| What kind of fracture penetrates through only part of the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does load relaxation in cartilage occur? |
|
Definition
| After initial compression and extrusion of water and when stresses are high towards the surface of the articular cartilage low at the bottom. |
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Term
| When is hydrodynamic lubrication used? |
|
Definition
| Used in jts where the opposing jt surfaces aren't in parallel to each other. Synovial fluid is drawn etween the surfaces as the opposing articular surfaces move on each other. ex. knee |
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Term
| When is squeeze film lubrication used? |
|
Definition
In jts where the opposing jt surfaces are in parallel with each other.
Synovial fluid tends to pool in the concave surface of the jt and is squeeze out b/w the jt surfaces when the jt is compressed.
ex. hand in bowl of water |
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Term
| What is often the result of abrasive wear on articular cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of articular cartilage degeneration? |
|
Definition
- Fibrillation
- Cavitation
- Vertical splitting
- Continued erosion
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Term
| What happens in fibrillation of articular cartilage degeneration? |
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Definition
| Results from fraying of the collagen fibers in the superficial layer. Collagen broke on surface. |
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|
Term
| What happens in cavitation of articular cartilage degeneration? |
|
Definition
| Cavities form in the cartilage between collagen bundles through superficial zone. |
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Term
| What happens in the vertical splitting state of articular cartilage degeneration? |
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Definition
| As the cavities deepen, clefts occur in the cartilage. These clefts extend as vertical splits from the superficial to the deep layers of cartilage and even to the subchondral bone. |
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|
Term
| What happens in the continued erosion stage of articular cartilage degeneration? |
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Definition
| In the area of the splits, cartilage erosion continues. |
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Term
| How does a complete thickness tear repair? |
|
Definition
- extend through cartilage to subchondral bone
- blood from subchondral bone fills split and forma fibrous clot scar
- fibrous scar matures and forms a fibrocartilage-like plug that may last for years.
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Term
| What is the modification of surgical drilling vs natural repair in articular cartilage repair? |
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Definition
| In surgical drilling they draw blood from the pt first and then certrifuge it into a fibrous paste and spread it over the cavities and splits in the articular cartilage. |
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Term
| What are three joint lubricants used mainly to treat osteoarthritis? |
|
Definition
| Hyalgen, Orthovisc, and Synvisc |
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|
Term
| What are functions of the menisci? |
|
Definition
- increase surface area for force distribution which decreases unit forces on femoral and tibial condyles
- Increase surface area for lubrication of condyles
- jt proprioception b/c of innervation of horns of menisci
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|
|
Term
| How is the blood supply in the menisci? |
|
Definition
Only the peripheral 10-30% of menisci have blood supply in teens and adults.
Central 70-90% is avascular with very poor healing capability |
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|
Term
| Breaking load is least for which disc? |
|
Definition
Small cervical disc
Intermediate for intermediate size thoracic disc
Greatest for large lumbar disc |
|
|
Term
| Elongation strain is greatest for which disc? |
|
Definition
Cervical disc
Intermediate for the lumbar disc
Lowest- Thoracic disc
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|
|
Term
| Torsional breaking load is least for which disc? |
|
Definition
Cervical disc
Intermediate for thoracic disc
Greatest lumbar disc
Breaking load is nearly 9x greater for lumbar than cervical disc |
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|
Term
| What are the reasons for bone remodeling? |
|
Definition
- removes bone that has been damaged by microfractures b/c of bone fatigue or strain
- replinishes osteocytes and maintains the organic and inorganic components of the bone
- adapts bone to long term changes in stress
- makes calcium stored in bone available to body
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|
|
Term
| What type of fracture transects the entire bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the surrounding tissue is intact what kind of fracture do you have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fracture has splintering of the bony ends? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of fracture has the bony ends displaced and disrupts the surrounding tissue and skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorder characterized by a decrease in mass of spongy and compact bone but no abnormality in the composition of bone. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorder that has reduced mineralization of bone during remodeling that results in "soft bone" and appears to be associated with lack of Vit D. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| (osteitis deformans) metabolic disorder that has marked bone reabsorption followed by formation of patches of new bone that lacks the strength of normal bone even when it is thick. |
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|
Term
| What is osteogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| (brittle bone) inherited disorder that results in abnormal collagen synthesis and absorption making bone brittle. |
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|
Term
| Compact bone is most resistant to what kind of force? |
|
Definition
| Most to compression, less resistant to tension, and least to shear. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| States that bone is deposited where needed to resist stress and absorbed where not needed. Applies to all CT as well. |
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Term
| Thin long bones or thick bones are stronger in tension? |
|
Definition
| Thin long bones. (strength) |
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|
Term
| Thin long bones or thick bones elongate more when loaded in tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin long bones or thicklong bones are stronger in compression? |
|
Definition
| Thick long bones (femur, humerus)The larger tha cross-sectional area the greater is the resistance to compression. |
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|
Term
| Thin long bones or thick long bones compress more when loaded in compression? |
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Definition
| Thin long bones. (strain) The small the cross sectional area the greater the amt of compression (contraction) |
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Term
| Thin or thick long bones are stronger in torsion? |
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Definition
| Thick long bones. They have greater resistace to torsion. |
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|
Term
| Thin or thick long bones have a greater angle of twist? |
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Definition
| Thin long bones. The smaller the area the greater the degree of twist (strain) |
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|
Term
| In tension breaking load is greatest in what region? |
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Definition
| Lumbar tension breaking load is about 4x greater than cervical but tensile strength is smiling among all vertebrae. |
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|
Term
| Compression breaking load is greatest in what vertebral region? |
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Definition
| Compression strength of cervical vertebrae is greatest followed by thoracic and lumbar is least. |
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|
Term
| Torsional breaking load is greatest in what vertebral region? |
|
Definition
| Torsional breaking load is greatest is upper thoracic region but strength is similar among thoracic and lumbar vertebrae |
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|
Term
| Where would you find smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| digestive tract, arteries, veins, urinary bladder, uterus, other organs |
|
|
Term
| Where would you find skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| upper and lower extremeties, trunk, back, pelvis, head, neck |
|
|
Term
| What two proteins are associated with actin filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions where actin and myosin filaments overlap and where cross bridges are formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a relaxed muscle, its the middle of the A-band shows a lightened H-zone which contains myosin but no overlapping actin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the center of the H-zone is the dark M-line region that contains thin M-filaments that run parallel to the myosin filaments, connecting the ends of the myosin filaments and each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regions that contain only actin filaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The center of each I band that is a dark line. That is the site where the abutting ends of actin filaments attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that pass through the I-band from the myosin to the Z disc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Sacrcomere which is between two Z discs. |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle fibers produce the least amount of force but are the most resistant to fatigue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fibers produce the greatest amount of force but are the least resistant to fatigue? |
|
Definition
| Fast twitch fatigable fibers |
|
|
Term
| Which fibers produce forces that are greater than slow twitch but less than fast twitch fatigable and are more resistant to fatigue than fast fatigable fibers but less fatigue resistant than slow twitch fibers? |
|
Definition
| Fast twitch fatigue resistant fibers |
|
|
Term
| With immobilization in athletes involved in endurance two sports which fiers will mainly be effected? |
|
Definition
| Slow twitch (type I) and fast fatigable (type IIb) |
|
|
Term
| With immobilization in athletes involved in explosive type sports which fiers will mainly be effected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isometric exercises are commonly used during immobilization to help maintain which fibers? |
|
Definition
| Type II fast twitch but not the type I slow twitch. |
|
|
Term
| Muscles with short fibers and large PCSA are designed for what kind of production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles with long fibers and small PCSA are designed for what kind of production? |
|
Definition
| Large excursion and high velocity movements. |
|
|
Term
| Tension development is greatest with what kind of contraction? |
|
Definition
| Greatest with eccentric, then isometric, and least with concentric. |
|
|
Term
| What is contractile element? |
|
Definition
| It represents the action of actin and myosin myofilaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the series elastic element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parallel elastic element? |
|
Definition
| The epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. |
|
|
Term
| What are the peripheral nerve regeneration? |
|
Definition
- Schwann cells and endoneurium are intact.
- damaged nerve fibers dissolve.
- myelin sheet breaks down into fat droplets.
- Macrophages remove the degenerated material.
- Schwann cells then form water filled tubes with thick very small opening for one nerve fiber.
- Multiple sprouts grow.
- sprouts may find tube and grow to effector
- sprouts not finding proper tube degenerate.
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|
|
Term
| Which type of nerve trauma would be the hardest to regenerate? |
|
Definition
| Severed - mixed nerve. They carry motor and sensory fibers so harder to find proper nerve sprout to realign, and severed nerves tend to separate and twist which makes realigning of matching tubes to nerve sprouts very difficult if tubes even develop. |
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