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| List the four functions of bone: |
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Definition
| Load bearing, protection, store calcium, blood cell formation |
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| What is another name for a spongy bone? |
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| What is another term for a compact bone? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Basic structure of compact bone, canal with concentric layers |
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Term
| What is an organic matrix? |
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Definition
| Structure comprised of ~90% collagen |
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| What is an inorganic matrix? |
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Definition
| Structural substance comprised of minerals like calcium and phosphate |
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| Mature bone cell responsible for maintaining bony matrix |
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| Bone cells that resorb bone and calcium into serum |
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| Bone cells that synthesize collagen matrix and fill bone voids |
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| What % of your skeleton reforms each year? |
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| What part of the bone is like steel? |
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| What part of the bone is like concrete? |
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| What functions do ligaments provide in the body? |
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Definition
| Stabilize joints, guide proper motion, restrict improper joint motion |
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Term
| What functions do tendons provide in the body? |
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Definition
| Shock absorption, store/release elastic energy, transmits muscle forces to bone |
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Term
| what functions do cartilages provide in the body? |
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Definition
| protect bones, absorb shock, reduce joint friction, stabilize joints |
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Term
| How does the arrangement of collagen fibers in tendons differ from that in ligaments? |
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Definition
| Tendons are organized and parallel, ligaments have more randomness |
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Term
| What is the nature and advantage of the transition from ligament, to fibrocartilage, to calcified fibrocartilage, to bone? |
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Definition
| Ligaments are flexible and bones are stiff, the transition allows for grading which reduces stress concentration. |
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Term
| What does the stress/strain curve for ligaments/tendons look like? |
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Definition
| S curve, (toe, linear, yield) |
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Term
| What is the role of fiber crimping? |
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Definition
| Shock absorption. (i think) |
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Term
| What are 3 types of human muscle? |
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Definition
| skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
| What does the epimysium surround? |
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Definition
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| What does the endomysium surround? |
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| What does the perimysium surround? |
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| substance filling muscle cell space |
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| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| tubular sacs surrounding myofibrils that store calcium ions |
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Term
| What are the transverse tubules? |
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Definition
| Cross into the center of the muscle cell, carrying action potential |
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Term
| What is the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Lies near muscle contraction proteins, supplies ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Sarcomere thick filaments with globular heads that ratchet |
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Definition
| Sarcomere thin filaments with binding sites for glob heads |
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Definition
| Structural protein providing elastic properties of sarcomere |
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Term
| What is the 4 phase muscle sarcomere contraction cycle? |
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Definition
Myosin heads cross-bridges attach to actin myofilament
Working stroke - myosin head pivots and bends, pulling on actin filament toward sarcomere center
ATP attached to myosin head, the cross-bridge detaches
ATP splits into ADP and P, cocking the myosin head in prep for next cycle |
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Term
| Briefly describe how the sarcomere contraction mechanism gives rise to the four-region force-length property. |
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Definition
At long lengths, very little overlap for cross bridges produces little force.
As contraction progresses, more and more overlap results in higher and higher forces.
At some point over enters an area where no myosin heads exist, thus no further increase of force.
As shortening continues, thin filaments begin to overlap each other, interfering with cross bridge.
Shortening continues until thin filaments bump into z-disc on other side, inhibiting further contract. |
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Term
| What 2 factors allow for muscle force modulation and how? |
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Definition
Recruitment of motor units: more units more force
Frequency of stimulation: higher frequency higher intensity |
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| How many muscle fibers can be activated by a single neuron? |
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Definition
small fine control - 10-100
large high force - 1000+ |
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Term
| What is an isometric muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| force applied but no motion |
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| What is an isokinetic muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| force applied to motion of constant speed |
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Term
| What is a concentric muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| force applied in the same direction of resulting motion |
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Term
| what is an eccentric muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| force applied in the direction opposite of resulting motion |
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Term
| What are the four phases of muscle activation twitch from a single motor neuron action pulse? |
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Definition
| Single twitch, wave summation, unfused tetanus, fused tetanus. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a fused and unfused tetanus? |
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Definition
| unfused has partial relaxation between stimuli, fused has sustained contraction. |
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Term
| What does a muscle-force length graph look like? |
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Definition
| Inverse quadratic meetings delayed exponential, sum them |
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Term
| What does a muscle-force velocity graph look like? |
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Definition
| Inverse S curve that goes straight down on the y-axis |
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Term
| How does the muscle contraction power curve affect a cyclists choice of bicycle gear? |
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