Term
|
Definition
the sleep deprived vs the enough sleep
the variable that you can choose and manipulate and usually effects the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the heart rate, one variable will be measure, counted, observed and changing in responce to the experimental conditions in the end of testing |
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Term
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Definition
| is the rate of speed carried thru the test of going up and down the stairs, the variable that is kept constant throught the experiment |
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Term
| scientific investigation lab |
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Definition
| measure of a persons cardio vascular fitness may be a corolation of the amount of sleep a person gets, the conclusion did not contribute to the results |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps all enviornemtal variable constant |
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Term
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Definition
| the compound is disloved in water hydrogen ions are relseased, and the pH of the soltion is low, also the indicator for the acidity of the HCl acid, red when the solution is basic and yellow when the solution is acidic |
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Term
| in the pH and buffer experiment what indicator did we use? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the pH and bufferes experiemnt what is the independent variable |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in the pH and buffers lab what is the dependent variable |
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Definition
| the pH and the color (indication of acididy or basic solutions) |
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Term
| in the pH and buffers lab what is the controlled variable |
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Definition
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Term
| What were you testing for in the Benedict's Test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the positive reaction to reducing sugars in the benedict's test? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the negative reaction for reducing sugars in the benedict's test? |
|
Definition
| Blue and green for very little amount of reducing sugars |
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|
Term
| What is Benedict's Regeant? |
|
Definition
| Cupric Ions(blue) that change to Cuprous Oxide(green to orange) in the presence of reducing sugars |
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Term
| What are monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
| Simple Sugars, example of this are carbohydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double sugars, example is sucrose |
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Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| Linkage of three or more monosaccharides, example is starch, glycogen, or cellulose |
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|
Term
| What is the positive control of the benedict's test? |
|
Definition
| Reducing Sugar Solution is the positive control in the experiment. A postive control is the variable for which you are testing. It reacts positively and demonstrates the ability for which you detect. |
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Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| Linkage of three or more monosaccharides, example is starch, glycogen, or cellulose |
|
|
Term
| What is the positive control of the benedict's test? |
|
Definition
| Reducing Sugar Solution is the positive control in the experiment. A postive control is the variable for which you are testing. It reacts positively and demonstrates the ability for which you detect. |
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Term
| What is the negative control in the benedict's test? |
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Definition
| the negative control does not contain the variable for which you are testing , it contains only the solvent(often distilled water with no solute) and it does not react. Negative control is the distilled water. |
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Term
| What are reducing sugars? |
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Definition
| They possess free aldehyde or ketone groups that reduce weak oxidizing agents such as copper in the benedicts regeant. example of these are glucose and fructose. |
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Term
| What was the overall conclusion of benedicts test? |
|
Definition
| Onions store more sugar than potatoes, while potatoes store sugar as starch. Onions contain more reducing sugars. |
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Term
| What did the Iodine Test look for ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the postive and negative reaction for the iodine test for starch? |
|
Definition
| Positive- bluish black, negative- yellowish brown |
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|
Term
| In Iodine test for starch, what did we use to find the negative and positive reactions? |
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Definition
| We used iodine potassium iodide which distinguishes from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other polysaccharides. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is a coiled polymer of glucose;iodine interacts with these coiled molecules and becomes bluish black. Iodine doesnt react with carbohydrates that are not coiled and remains yellowish brown. |
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|
Term
| What is the positive and negative control for the iodine test? |
|
Definition
| positive control is starch solution and negative control is distilled water |
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|
Term
| Overall conclusion for the Iodine test for starch? |
|
Definition
| Potatoes color is more intense than onion juice, which means that potatoes are good for storing starch,while onions arent. |
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|
Term
| What does the biuret test look for? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They are made of amino acids, each of which has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1% of Copper sulfate(CuSO4) |
|
|
Term
| What is the positive and negative test for the presence of a protein in the Biuret tesT? |
|
Definition
| Positive is a violet color while negative is blue |
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|
Term
| What is the positive control and negative control for the biuret test? |
|
Definition
| Positive control-protein solution, negative control-water |
|
|
Term
| Overall conclusion for Biuret test? |
|
Definition
| Egg albumen contains more protein than honey and we can tell because egg albumen contains a violet purplish color while honey has lots of sugar, very little protein. Free amino acids do not have peptide bonds. |
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|
Term
| What was the purpose of this enzyme lab? |
|
Definition
| To understand the activity of two enzymes (catechol oxidase and amylase) |
|
|
Term
| What is catechol oxidase? |
|
Definition
| An enzyme that stimulates the reaction between catechol and oxygen to produce a chemical compound called benzoquinone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The chemical that is responzible for the browning of fruits when exposed to oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starch into sugar |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific chemcical that inhibits (stops) enzyme activity |
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|
Term
| In the enzyme lab, we are investigating the inhibition of enzyme activity using a specific inhibitor called... DUN DUN DUN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain even faster yield of product is to ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor? |
|
Definition
Comp. Inh: attached directly to the active site
NonComp.Inh: attaches elsewhere on enzyme |
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|
Term
| How can I tell if inhibitor(ptu) is comp. or noncompetitive? |
|
Definition
comp. inhibitor can be reversed if i add more substrate.
and the non.comp.inhibitor cannot be reversed if you add more substrate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Biological catalysts, compunds that speed up a chemical reaction with out being used up or altered in the reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the material which the catalyst reacts and is modified durring the reaction to form a new product |
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Term
|
Definition
| a place on an enzyme that substrates will bind forming a enzyme-substrate complex and undergo a cemical reaction |
|
|
Term
| what is an enzyme-substrate complex |
|
Definition
| it is here that catalysis take place, and when it is complete the complex disassociates into enzyme and product |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that must bind for the emzyme to be active |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nonprotein substances that usually bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways to measure the emzyme activity |
|
Definition
| 1) determine the rate of dissapearance of a substrate 2) determine the rate of appearance of the product |
|
|
Term
| what happens durring the activity of catechol oxidase in tghe enzyme lab |
|
Definition
catechol oxidase
catechol + O2 -----------------> benzoquinone + H2O |
|
|
Term
| what is the conclusion of the inhibtion action of catechol oxidase |
|
Definition
| PTU inhibited the enzymatic activity of catechol oxidase and was found to be the non competitive inhibitor |
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Term
| what indicates the presence of starch in the influence of concentration, pH and temperature on the activity of amylase? |
|
Definition
| turns a dark purple color when treated wikth a solution on I2KI, the solution is normally an yellow amber color |
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Term
| Enzyme concentration procedure/ conclusion |
|
Definition
| we added increasing amounts of amylyse in each of the four test tubes and added an enzyme and observed the rate of reaction, the lower levels of amalyze the longer it took to break down the starch |
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Term
| what is the depenedent and independent variable of the influence of concentration of amaylase lab |
|
Definition
independent- the amount of amaylase
dependent- time it took to break down the starch |
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|
Term
| WHat do we test for in the "effect of pH on amylase activity" |
|
Definition
| We are determining the optimum pH for the activity of amylase. |
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Term
| Conclusion of the effect of pH on amylase activity? |
|
Definition
| AMylase is the most active at 6-7 pH . We lose activity as we increase the PH because enzymes de-activate at low and high temperatures. More ezymes, the faster the reaction will occur ! yippe! |
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|
Term
| Conclusion of the temp. of on activity of amylase |
|
Definition
| High and low temps. denature the enzyme, therefore avoiding the reaction to occur. dependent variable is temp. and independent is the time of the starch dissapearance. |
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|
Term
| What are prokaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| the earliest known cells found in fossilized sediments. They lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles. |
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|
Term
| What are eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| Cells with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Scopes have a minimum of 2 magnifying lenses |
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|
Term
| What is the head of a microscope? |
|
Definition
| The head supports the two sets of magnifying lenses |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lens and the eyepiece |
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|
Term
| What is the interpupillary distance? |
|
Definition
| The distance between eyepieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| a circle of light that one sees in the microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 lenses on the revolving nosepiece |
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Term
|
Definition
| The shortest lense - typically 4x |
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|
Term
| What is intermediate lens? |
|
Definition
| The middle lens - 10x magnification |
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|
Term
| What is the high power lens? |
|
Definition
| The longest lens - 40x magnification |
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Term
|
Definition
| It supports the stage and condensor lens |
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|
Term
| What is a condensor lens? |
|
Definition
| It is used to focus the light from the lamp through the specimen to be viewed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the adjustment knob? |
|
Definition
| It controls the condenser |
|
|
Term
| What is the iris diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Control the width of the circle of light? |
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Term
|
Definition
| It supports the specimen to be viewed |
|
|
Term
| What is the stage adjustment knob? |
|
Definition
| it adjusts the stage (duh) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| clusters composed of consisten numbers of cells |
|
|
Term
| What are multicellular organisms? |
|
Definition
| Organisms that have large numbers of cells with specialized structures and functions |
|
|
Term
| What are multicellular organisms? |
|
Definition
| Organisms that have large numbers of cells with specialized structures and functions |
|
|
Term
| Be able to recognize and observe the following .... |
|
Definition
| amoeba, trichonympha (termite intestines), protococcus (green algae from tree bark), scenedesmus (aquatic algae), volvox, elodia (freshwater aquatic plant), and human epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discrete units of hereditary info consisting of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division into 2 daughter nuclei w/the same # of chromosomes and same genes as a parent cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear division in preperation for sexual reproduction? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Division of cytoplasm - in animal cells undergoes cleavage furrow, in plant cells forms cell plate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Division of cytoplasm - in animal cells undergoes cleavage furrow, in plant cells forms cell plate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Events from the beginning of one cell cycle to the beginning of the next |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells which contain 2 sets of chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells which contain a single set of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is a nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the microscope lab, we examined all except which type of organism .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass of DNA and protein in an uncoiled state |
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Term
|
Definition
| the resting phase between successful miotic division of a cell; between 1st and 2nd division of a cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the resting phase between successful miotic division of a cell; between 1st and 2nd division of a cell |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if a person has 47 chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| That person has trisomy 21, down syndrome |
|
|
Term
| In G1, are chromosomes single or double stranded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an array of microtubules surrounding a centriole pair at the spindle poles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| small dots seen at the poles around which the microtubules of the spindle and asters appear to radiate |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A collection of minute fibers prominant during cell division |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Chromosome pairs of the same gene sequence, length, centromere position and staining pattern |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is used in order to find an unknown genotype. We breed an unknown genotype with a homozygous individual |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a hereditary unit of genetic info - consists of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetic material take place during prophase of meiosis |
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis chemical equation |
|
Definition
| 6Co2 +6H2O----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis conclusion |
|
Definition
| the leaf that was grown in light for 5 days showed the possitive test for starch which we concluded that it was having photosythesis activity. Cateroids are present in plant chloroplasts and contribute to pigment |
|
|
Term
| the compound used to test for starch in the photosynthesis lab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that disolve or are attracted to polar molecules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attracted to nonpolar molecules to varyng degrees |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the PCR lab? |
|
Definition
| the purpose of this experiment is to determine the connection between a certain gene, and an individuals ability to taste the bitter tasting cmpound PTC. |
|
|
Term
| how do we determain an individuals genotype for the PTC trait? |
|
Definition
| by increasing the amount of DNA, and running a polymrase chain reaction(PCR) |
|
|
Term
| how does th PCR reaction method work? |
|
Definition
| polymrase chain reacting synthesis DNA using a template strand, amplifying the DNA. since PCR requires DNA polymrase and primer, specific fragments of DNA sequence can be amplyfied, making it easier for scientists to study them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are single nucleotide polymorphisms, the most common type of genetic variation among people. |
|
|
Term
| what was the usefulness of the PCR experiment? |
|
Definition
| amplyfiying PCR has made way for findiong SNPs within a population. |
|
|
Term
| The first step in the PCR experiment was to isolate the DNA. How did we do this? |
|
Definition
| First we collected cheek cells, centrifuged them, mixed them with CHelax, boiled to denature which made it easier to seperate DNA from macromolecules, then we centrifuged and iced for a few days, |
|
|
Term
| The next method in the PCR experiment was to amplify the DNA. How did we accomplish this? |
|
Definition
| In order to grow DNA, we added PCR to the cheek cells to amplify DNA found in the cells |
|
|
Term
| In the PCR experiment, what was HaeIII? |
|
Definition
| HaeIII was a restriction enzyme, an enzyme that cuts DNA molecules into fragments that can be stained and visualized |
|
|
Term
| in the PCR lab what was th purpose of gel electrophoresis machine? |
|
Definition
| the purpose is to seprate particles based on thier charges. It is attached to an electrical source and one side is positive and the other is negative. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Separate particles based on their charges
(2% agarose gel and buffer) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Solution that conducts electricitiy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Substance that keeps DNAses from cutting through the DNA during the boiling of the cells we added |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of boiling of cells |
|
Definition
| Denature the DNA, making it easier for the DNA to be separated from the other macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Restriction enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at GGCC |
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Term
|
Definition
How the results were tested.
Individual who were found to have heterozygous or homozygous dominant alleles were asked to taste the paper and see if they can taste PTC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
D with one band: homozygous recessive (the allele is not present so nothing will be cut)
D with 2 bands:homozygous dominant (HaeIII cuts through the PCR products into 2 sets of fragments because D with 3 bands: heterozygous ( have 2 different alleles and haeIII cuts through allele) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plasmid that contains a fluorescent red protein gene originally isolated form a sea anemone
Simple sugar suppose to increase growth
(express PGLO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ampicillin/ Antibacterial
Inhibits bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial food
Growth on both sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymerase chain reactioln |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to amplify a known segment of template DNA |
|
|
Term
| the enzyme that acts as a DNA polymerase in the PCR lab is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the name of the chemical that we used to detect the TAS2R38 gene is called |
|
Definition
| a restriction enzyme HaeIII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small peice of extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria |
|
|
Term
| in the transformation lab we used plasmids to |
|
Definition
| carry particular genes into bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
| the genes expressed in the transformation lab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of all the genes nessisary to specify an organsms complete list of characteristics |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene located on one of the sex determining chromososmes, most generally on the x- chromosome |
|
|
Term
| results of the transformation lab showed |
|
Definition
| Red E. coli colinies in the LB/AMP/ARA-plate |
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|
