Term
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Definition
| Single celled, very thin (short distances) |
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Term
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Definition
| Body temperature determined by environment |
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Term
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Definition
| body temperature controlled by high metoblic rate |
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Term
Large animals exchange with the environment.
How?
Advantages? |
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Definition
Folding and branches, circulatory system (expensive-ATP)
Protection, life on land, increased size |
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Term
| When is good to max/min surface area to volume ratio? |
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Definition
Max: get lift under wings, exchange something with environment (heat)
Obtain or expel something
Min: decrease exchange surface, retain something (heat) |
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Term
| An animal with higher SA:V would be more common in higher or lower altitudes? |
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Definition
| Lower, high SA:V increases heat loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Steady physiological condition of the body
Depends on negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| making appropriate water balance for an animal's environment |
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Term
| To respond to changes in external conditions animals regulate their internal environemnt. This is facilitated by... |
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Definition
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Term
Circulation:
vasodilation, vasoconstriction
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Definition
Countercurrent, Heat exchange: pass heat from arteries to veins (rather than losing to environment)
Movement in opposing directions maintains diffusion gradient |
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Term
| Adaptations for thermal variation |
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Definition
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Term
| Behavior to help with thermal variation |
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Definition
| migration, huddling, basking |
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Term
| Avoidence as a means to dealing with thermal variation |
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Definition
Torpot: a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.
Hibernation, Estivation |
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Term
Digestive system parts?
Cecum:
Symbionts: |
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Definition
Cecum-functions in fermentation of food to help digestion
symbionts-cellulose and fermentation |
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Term
Do autotrophs need a digestive system?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Amino acids
Fatty acids
viatmins
minerals |
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Term
Need ___ amino acids to make proteins
___ are essential and cannot be made from precursors. Others can be sysnthesized from these |
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Definition
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Term
| Unsaturated fats have ___ bonded carbons |
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Definition
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Term
| Inorganic compounds needed (4) |
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Definition
| calcium, phospherous, iron, magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
deficiency in Vitamin C
Collagen synthesis (spongy gums, bleeding membranes, skin sports, death) |
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Term
| The British Navy were called "Limeys." Their use of limes was thought to have been helpful in the defeat of.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Rich families were getting scurvy. Why? |
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Definition
| Heat liable. Eating lots of meat, not enough minerals. |
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Term
| What does non-essential amino acid mean? |
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Definition
| It can be made in the body from other substances |
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Term
| 4 steps of food processing |
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Definition
Ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination |
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Term
| Ingestion- mechanical break down |
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Definition
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Term
Digestion-
Begins with mouth:
Stomach: |
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Definition
Breaks down food into molecules usable by cells (PNS)
-salivary breaks down starch and glycogen (small carbs)
-enzymes pepsin and gastric juice break fown food.
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Term
| Pepsin (used in food digestion in the stomach) works best in a ____ environment |
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Definition
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Term
Digestion process
PNS-Gastrin-pepsinogen-pepsin |
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Definition
PNS-Gastrin-pepsinogen-pepsin
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Term
| THe small intestine (6 meters long) |
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Definition
| Most of digestion occurs here, and all of absorbtion |
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Term
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Definition
Produces digestive enzymes
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Term
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Definition
-detoxify alcohol and other toxins
-production of bile salts (break up fat globules) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in small intestine-digested molecules must enter the body. |
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Term
| Most nutrients are absorbed accross the epitherlium of the |
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Definition
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Term
Elimination
Diarrhea?
Constipation? |
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Definition
Occurs in the large intestine
Very important in water absorption
90% of water borrowed from circulatory system
Diarrhea: Not enough reabsorbed by circulatory system
Constipation: too much reabsorbed |
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Term
Feces smells because...
the color of shit is because of.... |
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Definition
-bacteria in the large intestine
-breakdown of red-blood cells: Bile, bilirubins, iron |
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Term
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Definition
similar to common cold
Obesity could be infectious! |
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Term
| Ricketts-modern day scurvy |
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Definition
soft-bone disease of children
Shortage of Vitamin D (sunlight and nutrition)
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Term
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Definition
1. Rapid eating and stress (immune suppression)
2. bacteria- helicobacter pylori prevents stomach cells
3. First treatment for ulcers is an antibiotic |
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Term
| Increasing the surface area facilitates which processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The circulatory system gets rid of... and saves.... |
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Definition
-CO2, waste products
-Oxygen, essential nutrients and monomers |
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