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| scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their enviroment |
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| part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere |
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| group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
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| assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area |
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| collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving enviroment |
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| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
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| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds |
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| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compunds |
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| process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
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| process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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| organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes |
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| organism that relies on other organism for its energy and food supply |
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| feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter |
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| breaks down and gets energy from dead organic matter |
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| series of steps; shows organisms transfer of energy by eating and being eaten |
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| network of complex interatcions formed by feeding relationships |
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| feeding step in a food chain or web |
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| diagram showing the amounts of energy or matter withe each trophic level |
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| amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
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| elements, chemical compounds, and other matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to the other |
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| loss of water from a plant through its leaves |
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| chemical substance that an organism requires to live |
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| process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia |
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| conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas |
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| rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem |
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| single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem |
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| immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient |
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| condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place |
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| average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
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| natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases |
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| cold climate zone where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle |
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| moderate cilmate zone between the polar zones and the tropics |
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| warm climate zone that receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year round |
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| biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem |
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| physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem |
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| area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it |
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| full range of the physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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| ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time |
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| interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
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| relationship in which two species live closely together |
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| symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism(the host)and consequently harms it |
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| gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance |
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| succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists |
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| first species to populate an area during primary succession |
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| follows a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil |
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| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
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| organism's capacity to grow or thrive when subjected go an unfavorable enviromental factor |
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| climate within a small area that differs significantly form the climate of the surrounding area |
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| dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees |
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| layer in a rain forest formed by shorter trees and vines |
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| a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year |
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| trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles |
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| formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter |
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| biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw |
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| layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the tundra |
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