Atom

the smallest unit of matter

Molecule

2 or more atoms 

(ex. O₂, H₂O)

Macromolecules

2 or more molecules

(ex. C6, H12, O6, glucose)

Cell

   “the first biotic (living) factor” made up of 3 Abiotic factors:

-           72% H20, molecule

-          29% compounds, macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid)

-          1% trace minerals, atoms 

Tissues 

made up of different types of cells

(ex. Muscle cells, blood cells, etc.)

Organ

made up of different types of tissues

(ex. the heart)

Organ system 

made up of various organs

(ex. the digestive system)

Organism

made up of the various organ systems 

Population

the same type of organisms in a given area

Community 

various populations within a given area

Ecosystem 

made up of communities and the environment (how the populations and communities interact/respond with the environment

Biosphere

all the earth and the atmosphere

(all biotic and abiotic factors)

Characteristics of living things

Order

all [living] things move from the

atom – cell – organism

Characteristics of living things

All living things must...

• Acquire materials (food) to provide energy
• Have a metabolism
• Achieve homeostasis
• Have a response to a stimulus
• Reproduce and Develop
• Adapt through descent with modification: change to suit the environment

Characteristics of living things

Metabolism

and Homeostasis

1. total chemical reactions in the body
2. keeping the body “in balance”

The Scientific Method

Inductive Reasoning

look at specific events to build up to a cohesive whole; an hypothesis (small picture to big picture).

Deductive Reasoning

[“If, then”] take a whole and deduce it into specific events (opposite of inductive, big picture to small picture).

Theory

an idea or concept that has been time tested (empirical data), and is accepted as true (not proven, but also not disproved). A theory does not have to be “proved,” but only disproved.

Atom Particles

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Isotope

atoms of the same element, but with a different number of neutrons

The Octet Rule

states that the first energy level is stable at 2 and the valence must have 8 electrons to be stable

Free Radical

unpaired electron

Ion

an atom that carries a charge

(by losing or adding an electron)

Ionic Bonding

    when an atom(s) is negatively charged and bonded to an atom that is positively charged

Oxidation

to lose an electron and become positively charged

Reduction

to gain an electron and become negatively charged

Cation

an ion with a positive charge

Anion

 an ion with a negative charge

Covalent Bonding

electrons are shared so that the atoms will become stable and follow the Octet Rule

Covalent Bonding

Single Bond

Double Bond

Triple Bond

1. one pair of shared electrons
2. two pairs of shared electrons
3. three pairs of shared electrons

Electronegative

an atom that has the ability to draw the electrons from another nucleus

Cohesion

attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

Adhesion

of different molecules to one another