Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce energy
made of cells
adapt to environmental change
chemical composition
remove waste
reproduce
grow
definite lifespan
definite size/shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduce their own kind, but the offspring must be fertile |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the Earth where life exists |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrition
respiration
reproduction
excretion
transport
regulation/coordination
synthesis
growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides nutrients so that other processes can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
water
minerals
vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"producer"
make their own food
(type of nutrition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"consumer"
obtain food from the environment
(type of nutrition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungi=consumer
1cm=10mm
37*C = normal body temp. |
|
|
Term
| types of autotrophic nutrition |
|
Definition
photosynthesis - building plants with light
chemosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces usable energy in the form of ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes energy without oxygen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| makes energy using oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces a new organism within a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one parent
offspring = clones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two parents
diversity among offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of waste from other life processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorbtion and circulation of substances
2 types: passive and active
passive ex. osmosis & diffusion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sends out chemical messages to respond to changes in environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to build from simple to complex |
|
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Term
|
Definition
unit - grams
tool - triple beam balance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
unit - centimeter/milimeter
tool - ruler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unit - celcius
tool - termometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problem
hypothesis
controlled experiment
collect & analyze data
conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problem
hypothesis
controlled experiment
collect & analyze data
conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
never changes
standard for comparison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Title: the effect of [ind. variable] on [dep. variable]
|ind. variable|dep. variable| |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in experiment
what scientists manipulate
represented in experimental group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measurements of change is effective or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a broad range of knowledge based on extensive research
*subject to change* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drop of water
specimen
cover slip 45 degree angle
lower slowly to avoid air bubble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes specimen more visible
wet mount
stain at edge of coverslip
opposite end put paper towel
draw stain through
**methylene blue** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates a pigment by using a solvent (liquid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separates DNA by using electrical discharge
ex. paternity, crime scene, see if closely related to other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny tools used to transplant tiny structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wet mount
staining
centrifuge
chromatography
electroporesis
microdissection tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
______FOV______
number of cells |
|
|
Term
| diameter of FOV in high power from low power |
|
Definition
ocular x low power of FOV
high power obj 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of interactions that take place between organims and their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place a plant or animal lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
obtain food
reproduce
avoid predators
find shelter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual living thing that is made up of cells, uses energy, reproducesm responds, grows, and develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of organisms of the same species which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| populations of plants and animals that interact with each other un a givem area with the abiotic components of that area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of Earth that supports life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one benefits the other is not affected
+0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one benefits the other is harmed
- - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism that can make its own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flow of energy begins with the sun
-the energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy
-algae=producer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that cannot make their own energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumers that eat producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumer that eats another consumer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highest level
may eat consumers and producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism that eats producers and consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumer that hunts to kill other consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the animals that are hunted and killed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
break down dead organisms then they: absorb nutrients
return minerals and elements to the soil so plants can synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of energy in one direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
producer
herbivore
carnivore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always first level
how energy enters the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make up remaining trophic levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of energy that conatins great biodiversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of a population the environment can support due to limiting factors
/---- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food
predators
disease
space
climate
competition
temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins with pioneer organism ends with a climax communtiy (takes 100 years)
lichen->grasses->shrubs->trees->forest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
replacement of a community after a natural disaster
replaces the plant community in half the amount of time (50yrs) with the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conifers that bear seeds as cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different species in a given area |
|
|
Term
| importance of biodiversity |
|
Definition
symbiotic relationship
more food choices
less competition
more niches
medical research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evaporation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation
run off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water evaporates off of bodies of water
placing water into tthe atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water is released from leaves of trees
placing water in atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clouds release water
rain, snow, hail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animals release carbon dioxide through respiration
plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis then release oxygen
animals take in O2 for respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decomposers break down dead matter and return the nutrients back into the soil so plants can grow
cycle is regulated by decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down dead matter in the soil into ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turns ammonia into nitrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
turns nitrates into free nitrogen
nitrate[soil]; nitrogen[atmosphere] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free nitrogen in the air is converted into nitrates in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fertilizers
landfills
overgrazing
erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
global warming
ozone depletion
acid rain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause - too much heat is trapped due to excessive green house gases causes by burning of fossil fuel (coal & oil)
effect - polar ice caps melting, bizzare weather patterns, loss of habitats
resolution - solar, nuclear, hydropower, wind mill, bio fuel, geothermal power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause - sulfer dioxide & nitrogen odxide from factories
effect - kills vegetation, erodes buildings, harms wildlife
resolution - pass law that filters the air nby putting scrubber in the smoke stacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause - cluroflurocarbons
-coolants and aerosol cans deplete the ozone layer
effect - skin caner, eye disorders
resolution - reduce of coolants (use products marked no CFC), sunglasses, sunscreen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of gases that protect us from the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renewable - can be replaced, infinite
ex. oxygen, water, trees
nonrenewable - cannot be replaced, finite
ex. oil, coal, metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
solid waste
resolution - compost pile [bury food in soil so waste decomposers can break it down]
reduce, reuse, and recycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
livestock
resolution - rotate livestock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause - contains nitrogen and phosphorous
effect - run off goes into other ecosystem
resolution - use fertilizer with no nitrogen/phosphorous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total number of individuals in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of individuals per area or volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex. certain plants may secrete toxins that keep away other plants that would *compete for limited resources* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in the absence of any special attractions or repulsions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population with no predation, parasitiam, and competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many,small young
rapid maturation
reproduces once
little/no parenting
ex.insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
few,large young
slow maturation
reproduces many times
intensive parenting
ex. mammals |
|
|
Term
| types of defences (Passive) |
|
Definition
aposematic coloration
batesian mimicry
mullerian mimicry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resolution - cooling tanks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sewage treatment plant (lowers dissolved oxygen level) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sewage in tank
bacteria placed in tank to decomposer sewage
place chlorine in tank to kill bacteria
water is clean
released back into rivers |
|
|
Term
biological controls
"living controls" |
|
Definition
controls pests in an ecosystem by using living organism to remove them
advantage - no chemicals, specific, no pesticides
disadvantage - disrupt food chain, no natural predators, become pest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of medical research
disrupts stability of food chain
reduces energy flow
overpopulation
fewer food choices
competition
less protection from disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
taking organsims out of their natural environment
poachers - break laws and kill endangered species
bounty huinter - hunt for price |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when pesticides are introduced into the food chain
the pesticides/chemicals increase at each level because the chemicals cannot be used for metabloism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in species over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
geological records
fossils
comparitve anatomy, embryology, cytology, and biochemistry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written records of changes in the structure of the Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole or parts of dead organisms |
|
|
Term
| ways fossils are preserved |
|
Definition
sedimentary rock
amber
ice
tar
mud [footprints] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. C-14-radioactive data
2. layer of sed. rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that are similar, but these structures have different functions due to environmental changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms have similar functions, but totally different structures (no common ancestor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ancestral remnants
ancestors used these structures and we have no use for them, but we still have the structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organismsthat came from a common ancestor that experienced an environmental change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-12 weeks after fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compare how similar the DNA molecules are
compare the sequence of amino acids which synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell structures (organelles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
need, acquire, use, disuse
if you need it you keep it, if you don't need it you didn't keep it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proved Lamark wrong
cut tail off rats to show next generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
survival of the fittest
the organism that is born with the favorable trait will survive if the trait enables you to adapt to the environment |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's theory of natural selection |
|
Definition
overproduction
struggle for existence
survival of the fittest
transmission of favorable trait
naturally resistent organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organisms did their niche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
competition
limiting factors/limited resources
(food, water, space, shelter, disease, environmental conditions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only the organisms with the favorable trait will survive |
|
|
Term
| transmission of favorable trait |
|
Definition
passing favorable trait to offspring
sexual reproduction (variation/diversity) and mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| naturally resistant organism |
|
Definition
| organisms that survive a selecting agent (change) were naturally resistent in the original population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that takes up space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building blocks of matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
positive charge
in nucleus of atom
equals number of electrons
atomic number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no charge
in nucelus of atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
negative charge
found orbiting nucleus of atom
equals number of protons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[number at the bottom]
number of protons in one atom of the element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[number at the top]
total number of protons and neutrons in one atom of the element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st shell holds 2 electrons
other shells hold 8 electrons |
|
|
Term
| types of natural selection |
|
Definition
stabalizing selection
disruptive/diversifying selection
directional selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminates the numbers of extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms |
|
|
Term
| disruptive/diversifying selection |
|
Definition
| increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermidiate forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one phenotype replaces anotherr in a gene pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two or more elements combined
they are held to gether by bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer electrons
form crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
share electrons with valance shells
form molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain carbon & hydrogen
(carbs, lipids, nucleic acid, protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
main source of energy
end in 'ose'
isomers
shape - rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organic
contains elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2:1 ratio hydrogen:oxygen |
|
|
Term
| variation in a population |
|
Definition
mutation
genetic drift
gene flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in gene pool due to chance |
|
|
Term
bottleneck effect
(type of genetic drift) |
|
Definition
natural disasters reduce size of a population
loss of genetic variation |
|
|
Term
founder effect
(type of genetic drift) |
|
Definition
small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area
rare alleles may be overrepresented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of alleles into or out of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
population becomes isolated and becomes exposed to new selective pressures
evolves into new speices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
un relateed speices occupy the same environment, subjected to similar selective pressures
similar adaptations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two related specieswith similar adaptations after divergence from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species are separated due to geography of environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of mutation that results from errors during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two organisms live in the same area, but encounter each other rarely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two animals become isolated from each other because of some change in behavior by one mmber or group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely related species may be unable to mate because of anatomical incompatibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple sugar
isomer
one ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has the same molecular formula [C6H12O6] but the structual form is different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two sugars
rings are connected
"holding hands" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repeating units of the same molecule
build macromolecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polysaccharide
animal starch (complex carb stored in liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant starch (stored in cell wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactant --[chemical reaction]--> product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building organic compounds (loss of water)
**everytime you add a monosaccharide you lose one molecule of water** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~reverse of dehydration synthesis~
adds water decreases molecule size
breaks down
water is in reactant |
|
|
Term
| beaking down organic compuonds |
|
Definition
hydrolysis
chemical digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building block of protein
21 diff. amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzymes
pigments
hormones
chemical messages
build/repair
organs part of cell membrane
receptors(communicators) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 amino acid = amino acid
2 amino acids = dipeptide
3+ amino acids = polypeptide
**sequence of amino acids determines the protein (and shape) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fats, oils, waxes
-organic
-elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-part of cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if all bonds in hydrogen-carbon chain are single bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reserve energy
keep you warm
protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building blocks of nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polymer
phosphate+sugar+protein base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end in 'ase'
apecific
proteins
organic
catalyst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fit together like puzzle
enzyme is larger than substrate
enzyme never changes (reused until it runs out)
protase - protein
amylase - starch
maltase - maltose
atpase - ATP
lipase - lipid |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect enzyme actvity |
|
Definition
temperature
pH
amount of enzymes/substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moves from high concentration to low concentration (no energy is used) until it reaches equilibrum
ex. osmosis, diffusion
**concentration gradient differences in molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves gases and small molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water from high concentration to low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move from low concentration to high concentration (energy is used-ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs across the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made of lipids and proteins
functions: protector(selective)
communication/receptor
active/passive transport |
|
|
