Term
| Nutritional mode of animals |
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Definition
| most animals use enzymes to digest their food after tehy have ingested it. |
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Term
| Cell structure and specialization |
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Definition
| Animals are eukaryotes, and are multicellular. Animals lack the structural support of cell walls. Instead, animal bodies are held together by structural proteins called collagens. Animals have 3 unique types of intercellular junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Animal cells have 2 specialized forms not found in other multicellular organisms: muscle cells and nerve cells. |
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Term
| Reproduction and Development |
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Definition
| Most animals reproduce sexually. In most species, a small, flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg, forming a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between division cycles that a zygote undergoes. |
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Term
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Definition
| during the development of most animals, cleavage leads to the formation of this multicellular stage, which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball. |
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Term
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Definition
| following the blastula stage is this process, during which layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. [formation of a gastrula]...a rearrangement of embryo in which one end fo the embryo folds inward, expands, and enventually fills the blastocoel, producing hte ectoderm and endoderm embryonic tissue layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3-layered cup-shaped embryonic stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct fromt he adult stage, usually eats different food, and may have a different habitat than the adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| animal larvae eventually undergo this; a resurgence of development that transforms the animal into an adult. |
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Term
| Neoproterozoid Era - Ediacaran fauna |
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Definition
| Earliest generally accepted animal fossils, dating from about 575 million years ago. |
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Term
| Paleozoic Era - Cambrian explosion |
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Definition
| A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 542-525 million years ago. |
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Term
| Mesozoic Era(251-65.5 million years ago) |
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Definition
| few fundamentally new body plans emerged amond animals during this era. Animals began into new ecological niches.On land, modification of the tetrapod boyd plan included wings and other flight equipment. Large dinosaurs emerged, and first mamamals-tiny nocturnal insect-eaters emerged. |
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Term
| Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to the Present) |
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Definition
| during this era, insects and flowering lants underwent a dramatic diversification. Beginning of this era followed masss extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of species that share the same level of organizational complexity. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade are generally integrated into a functional whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizing a body form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into 2 equal but opposite halves. This type of animal has a DORSAL(top) side, VENTRAL(bottom) side, left and right side, and an ANTERIOR(head) end with a mouth and a POSTERIOR(tail)end. |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| many are SESSILE (living attached to a substrate) or PLANKTONIC (drifting or weakly swimming). |
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Term
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Definition
| generally move actively from place to place. Their central nervous system enables them to coordinate complex movements involved in crawling, swimming, burrowing or flying. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. |
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Term
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Definition
| germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and in some, to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or ARCHENTERON, and dives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that only have 2 germ layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals that have a 3rd germ layer. In triploblasts, the mesoderm forms the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal. All bilaterally symmetrical animals are triploblastic. |
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Term
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Definition
| third germ layer that located between the ectoderm and endoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| some triploblastic animals possess this fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall. Also known as COELOM. |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that possess a true coelom. A "true" coelom forms from tissue derived from mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm. This cavity is formed from the blastocoel rather than from the mesoderm (pseudocoelom). |
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Term
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Definition
| triploblastic animals that lack a coelom. |
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Term
| What are the functions of a body cavity? |
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Definition
| It cushions the suspended organs, helping to prevent internal injury. It also enables the internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| in animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by schizocoelous development of the body cavity and by spiral cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| in animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by enterocoelous development of he body cavity and by radial cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern in protostome development in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts teh developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of formation of the boyd cavity commmon in protostome development, in which initially solid masses of mesoderm split, forming hte body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of formation of the body cavity common in deuterostome development, in which the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows, forming the body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The indentation that during gastrulation lead sot eh formation of the archenteron (its fate determines the two developmental modes). Ultimately, the blastopore and the second opening become the 2 openings of the digestive tube (mouth and anus). |
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Term
| In protostome development, where does the mouth generally develop? |
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Definition
| develops from the first opening, the blastopore. (greek for FIRST mouth) |
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Term
| In deuterostome development, where is the mouth derived from? |
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Definition
| develops from the secondary opening, and the blastopore usually forms the ANUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, including many molting animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| hwne animals grow, they molt, squirming out of their old exoskeleton and secreting a new larger one. |
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Term
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Definition
| member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, characterized by lophopores or trochophore larvae. |
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