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| An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular. |
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| protists that combine photosynthesis AND heterotrophic nutrition. |
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| Have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella; has a modified mitochondria. |
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| include the protists called trichomonads that has a modiefied mitochondria. |
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| diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotropsh, and pathogenic parasites. THe main feature that distinguishes protist in this clade is the presence of a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella. |
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| Have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. |
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| Have a pocket at one end of the cell fromw chich one or two flagella emerge. |
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| Alveolata (the alveolates) |
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Definition
| characterized by membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane. Includes 3 groups: a group of flagellates (dinoflagellates), a group of parasites (apicomplexans), and a group of protists that move by cilia (ciliates). |
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| Abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton. Most are unicellular, but some are colonial. Each has a characteristic shape that in many species is reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. Two flagella located in perpendicular grooves in this "armor" make dinoflagellates spin as they move through the water. |
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| parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases. The parasites spread through their host as tiny infectious cells called SPOROZOITES. Api. are so named because one end (the APEX) of the sporozoite cell contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues. They also have a nonphotosynthetic plastid, called the apicoplast. their apicoplast can synthesize fatty acids. |
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| a large, vaired group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and feed. The cilia may completely cover the cell surface or may be clusedered in a few rows or tufts. A distinctive feature is the presence of 2 types of nuclei: large macronuclei and tiny micronuclei. |
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| (species of ciliates) rows of tightly packed cilia function collectively in locomotion. |
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| How do ciliates reproduce? |
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| Generally reproduce asexually by binary fission, during which the macronucleus elongates and splits, rather than undergoing mitotic division. |
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| a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei...results in genetic variation. Up to 15% of a ciliate's genome may be removed every time it undergoes conjugation. |
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| (clade) refers to a flagellum with numerous fine, hairlike projections, In most stramenopiles, this "hairy" flagellum is paired with a "smooth"(nonhairy) flagellum. |
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| include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews. Name means 'egg fungus' but it is not a fungi. Typically have cell walls made of cellulose, whereas walls of fungi consist mainly of the polysaccharide: chitin. Oom. have flagellated cells; fungi lack flagella. |
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| How do oomycetes acquire nutrients? |
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Definition
| They do not have plastids and do not carry out photosynthesis. Acquire nutrients mainly as decomposers or parasites. |
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| (also called bacillariophytes) unicellular algae taht have a unique glass-like wall mad eof hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix. These walls provide effective protection from the crushing jaws of predators. If the walls were smooth, it would take 60% less force to crush them. Sexual reproduction occurs in the formation of eggs and sperm. |
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| (chrysophytes) named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids. Cells are typically biflagellated, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell. All golden algae are photosynthetic, some species are mixotrophic, and can also absorb dissolve organic compounds or ingest food particles and prokaryotes by phagocytosis. Most species are unicellular and some are colonial. |
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| The largest and most complex algae (phaeophytes). All are multicellular, and most are marine. Owe their color to the carotenoids in their plastids. Include species commonly called seaweeds. |
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| refers to a seaweed body that is plant-like. Unlike the body of a plant, however, a thallus lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. |
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| A typical seaweed thallus consists of this rootlike holdfast, which anchors the alga, and a stemlike STIPE, which supports leaflike BLADES. The blades provide most of the surface for photosynthesis. |
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| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms. Applies only to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular. |
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| generations in which the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different. |
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| generations in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to each other, although they differ in chromosome number. |
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| Cercozoans (clade Cercozoa) |
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Definition
| Clade that contains a diversity of species that are among the organisms referred to as amoebas. Those that belong to this clade are distinguished morphologically from most other amoebas by their threadlike pseudopodia. |
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| protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia |
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| extensions that may bulge from virtually anywhere on the cell surface. Used to move and feed. |
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| (or forams) named for their porous shells called TESTs. Foram tests are multichambered and consist of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate. |
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| marine protists whose tests are fused into one delicate piece that is generally made of silica. |
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| species of amoebas that have lobe-shaped (not threadlike) pseudopodia. Include GYMNAMOEBAS(unicellular protists), ENTAMOEBAS(parasites), and SLIME MOLDS("fungus animals"). |
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| Cheating and noncheating mutants |
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Definition
| Cheating mutants lack a protein on their cell surface, and noncheating cells can recognize this difference. Noncheaters preferentially aggregate with other noncheaters, thus depriving cheaters of the opportunity to exploit them. |
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Definition
| reddish, owing to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll. Their accessory pigments allow them to abosrb blue and green light. They are multicellular, the thalli of many red algae are filamentous, often branched and interwoven in lacy patterns. |
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Definition
| named for their grass-green chloroplasts. In their ultrastructure and pigment composition, these chloroplasts are much like those of organisms we call plants. |
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| Green algae - CHLOROPHYTES group |
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Definition
| most live in fresh water, but there are also marine species. Larger size and complexity evolved in chlorophytes by three different mechangisms (1)the formation of colonies of individual cells and in filamentous forms (2)the repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division (3)the formation of true multicellular forms by cell division and cell differentiation. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade: DIPLOMONADIDA |
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Definition
| 2 equal-sized nuclei; modified mitochondria |
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| Key Characteristics of clade: PARABASALA |
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Definition
| undulating membrane; modified mitochondria |
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| Key Characteristics of clade: EUGLENOZOA |
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Definition
| Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella. KINETOPLASTIDA:kinetoplast(DNA in mitochondrion). EUGLENOPHYTA:paramylon as storage molecule. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade: ALVEOLATA |
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Definition
| Alveoli beneath plasma membrane. DINOFLAGELLATA:armor of cellulose plates. APICOMPLEXA:apical complex of organelles. CILIOPHORA:cilia used in movement and feeding; macro- and micronuclei. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade:STRAMENOPILA |
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Definition
| Hairy and smooth flagella. OOMYCOTA:hyphae that absorb nutrients. BACILLARIOPHYTA(diatoms): glassy two-part wall. CHRYSOPHYTA(golden algae):flagella attached near one end of cell. PHAEOPHYTA(brown algae):all multicellular, some with alternation of generations. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade:CERCOZOA and RADIOLARIA |
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Definition
| Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia. FORAMINFERA(forams):porous shell. RADIOLARIA:pseudopodia radiating from central body. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade:AMOEBOZOA |
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| Amoebas with lobe-shaped pseudopodia. GYMNAMOEBA:soil-dwelling,freshwater, or marine. ENTAMOEBA:parasites. MYXOGASTRIDA(plasmodial slime molds):multinucleate plasmodium;fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. BICTOSTELIDA(cellular slime molds):multicelluar aggregate that forms asexual fruiting bodies. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade:RHODOPHYTA |
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Definition
| (red algae) phycoertythrin(accessory pigment); no flagellated stages. |
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| Key Characteristics of clade:CHLOROPHYTA (one grp of green algae) |
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